Ecotoxicology and geostatistical techniques employed in subtropical reservoirs sediments after decades of copper sulfate application.

Spatial distribution linked to geostatistical techniques contributes to sum up information into an easier-to-comprehend knowledge. This study compares copper spatial distribution in surface sediments and subsequent categorization according to its toxicological potential in two reservoirs, Rio Grande (RG) and Itupararanga (ITU) (São Paulo-Brazil), where copper sulfate is applied and not applied, respectively. Sediments from 47 sites in RG and 52 sites in ITU were collected, and then, copper concentrations were interpolated using geostatistical techniques (kriging). The resulting sediment distributions were classified in categories based on sediment quality guides: threshold effect level and probable effect level; regional reference values (RRVs) and enrichment factor (EF). Copper presented a heterogenic distribution and higher concentrations in RG (2283.00 ± 1308.75 mg/kg) especially on the upstream downstream, associated with algicide application as well as the sediment grain size, contrary to ITU (21.81 ± 8.28 mg/kg) where a no-clear pattern of distribution was observed. Sediments in RG are predominantly categorized as "Very Bad", whereas sediments in ITU are mainly categorized as "Good", showing values higher than RRV. The classification is supported by the EF categorization, which in RG is primarily categorized as "Very High" contrasting to ITU classified as "Absent/Very Low". Copper total stock in superficial sediment estimated for RG is 4515.35 Ton of Cu and for ITU is 27.45 Ton of Cu.

Water quality assessment using Sentinel-2 imagery with estimates of chlorophyll a, Secchi disk depth, and Cyanobacteria cell number: the Cantareira System reservoirs (São Paulo, Brazil).

Satellite images were used to assess surface water quality based on the concentration of chlorophyll a (chla), light penetration measured by the Secchi disk method (SD), and the Cyanobacteria cells number per mL (cyano). For this case study, six reservoirs interconnected were evaluated, comprising the Cantareira System (CS) in São Paulo State (Brazil). The work employed Sentinel-2 images from 2015 to 2018, SNAP image processing software, and the native products conc_chl and kd_z90max, treated using Case 2 Regional Coast Color (C2RCC) atmospheric correction. The database was obtained from CETESB, the agency legally responsible for operation of the Inland Water Quality Monitoring Network in São Paulo State. The results demonstrated robustness in the estimates of chla (RMSE = 3.73; NRMSE% = 19%) and SD (RMSE = 2,26; NRMSE% = 14%). Due to the strong relationship between cyano and chla (r2 = 0.84, p < 0.01, n = 90), both obtained from field measurements, there was also robustness in cyano estimates based on the estimates of chla from the satellite images. The data revealed a clear pattern, with the upstream reservoirs being more eutrophic, compared to those downstream. There were evident concerns, about water quality, particularly due to the high numbers of Cyanobacteria cells, especially in the upstream reservoirs.

Riqueza e abundância de Culicidae (Diptera) em área impactada, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Richness and abundance of Culicidae (Diptera) in an area impacted, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil

O represamento do Rio Pananá para construção da hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera, entre os Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, alterou as relações ecológicas na região. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a fauna de culicídeos potencialmente vetores nesse reservatório, a 2km da margem direita, em Bataguassu, Mato Grosso do Sul, na fase anterior à inundação. Os culicídeos foram capturados em ambientes distintos mensalmente, de julho de 1997 a novembro de 1999. Foram calculados índices de riqueza e abundância. Obtiveram-se 16.553 exemplares adultos e 1.795 imaturos, com riqueza de 86 e 44 espécies, respectivamente. A fauna culicídea da área de estudo apresentava relativa riqueza, com espécies de valor epidemiológico, como o Anopheles darlingi, além de outras com potencial na veiculação de arbovírus.

The damming of Paraná River for the construction of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Plant, between the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil and São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, has changed the ecological relationships in the area. The objective of the study was to describe the fauna that can be potential vectors in this reservoir, 2 km away from its right bank, in Bataguassu, Mato Grosso do Sul, before flooding. Mosquitoes were monthly captured in different environments from July 1997 to November 1999. During this period 16,553 adult specimens and 1,795 immature forms were collected with richness of 86 different species of adults and 44 different species of immature forms. The fauna presented a richness that included species of epidemiological importance, as Anopheles darlingi and other mosquitoes with potential for arbovirus transmission.

[Richness and abundance of Culicidae (Diptera) in an area impacted, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil]. / Riqueza e abundância de Culicidae (Diptera) em área impactada, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

The damming of Paraná River for the construction of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Plant, between the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil and São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, has changed the ecological relationships in the area. The objective of the study was to describe the fauna that can be potential vectors in this reservoir, 2 km away from its right bank, in Bataguassu, Mato Grosso do Sul, before flooding. Mosquitoes were monthly captured in different environments from July 1997 to November 1999. During this period 16,553 adult specimens and 1,795 immature forms were collected with richness of 86 different species of adults and 44 different species of immature forms. The fauna presented a richness that included species of epidemiological importance, as Anopheles darlingi and other mosquitoes with potential for arbovirus transmission.

[Spacial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis risk zones]. / Modelagem espacial de zonas de risco da leishmaniose tegumentar americana.

OBJECTIVE: To spatially delimit cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) human contact risk zones (CoRZ) using remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques. METHODS: A total of 27 CL cases reported from 1992 to 1997 in the municipality Itapira, Brazil, were studied. The influence of some important environmental variables related to CL such as altitude and vegetation density measured by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images were analyzed for each CoRZ. RESULTS: The results showed that about 50% of the dwellings where CL cases were reported were located less than 200 meters from the limits of forest remnant area; more than 70% of the total area of the CoRZ, for each criterion, were in altitudes lower than 750 meters; and about 50% of the CoRZ, for each criterion, were located in a very dense green area (NDVI ranging from 0.45 to 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows there may be three transmission modes in the study area: intra-forest, extra-forest (in this setting, transmission might be influenced by the vegetation density surrounding forest remnants); or domiciliary.

Modelagem espacial de zonas de risco da leishmaniose tegumentar americana / Spacial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis risk zones

OBJETIVO: Delimitar espacialmente as zonas de risco de contato (ZoRCs) entre o homem e o vetor da leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA), usando sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 27 casos de LTA ocorridos entre 1992 e 1997 no município de Itapira, SP. A influência de algumas variáveis ambientais relacionadas à LTA foram analisadas para cada ZoRC, como altitude e densidade de vegetação. Esta última foi medida pelo índice de vegetação de diferença normalizada (IVDN). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que cerca de 50 por cento das casas onde houve LTA se encontravam em uma distância menor que 200 metros da borda de algum fragmento de mata; mais de 70 por cento das áreas totais das ZoRC em cada distância se localizavam em altitudes menores que 750 metros; e cerca de 50 por cento das ZoRC, em cada distância, apresentavam uma área verde muito densa (IVDN variando de 0,45 a 1,00). CONCLUSÕES: As análises concordam que pode haver três tipos de transmissão na área: intraflorestal; extraflorestal (neste caso, influenciada pela densidade de vegetação ao redor dos fragmentos); ou domiciliar.

Aedes albopictus em área rural do Brasil e implicaçöes na transmissäo de febre amarela silvestre / Aedes albopictus in rural zone of Brazil and its implication in the sylvatic yellow fever transmission

Durante estudos ecológicos sobre mosquitos anofelíneos no município de Bataguassu, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, foram encontradas larvas e adultos de Aedes albopictus. Pela primeira vez, sua introduçäo ocorre numa área enzoótica do vírus selvático da febre amarela no Brasil. Isto sugere risco potencial para transferência desse vírus para área urbana infestada com Aedes aegypti