Risk of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis with or without atrial fibrillation: A cohort study.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and the combination of AF and mitral stenosis (MS) is associated with a higher risk. In developed nations, degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) constitutes a sizeable proportion of patients with MS. Current international guidelines do not offer recommendations regarding anticoagulation in these patients. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with DMS with or without prevalent AF. Methods: A cohort study of DMS patients from 1997 to 2018, using data from the Danish health registries. The cohort was stratified based on AF prevalence and prior ischemic stroke. The primary outcome was a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism after 1 year of follow-up from time of DMS diagnosis. Results: The study included 1162 patients with DMS, of which 421 had prevalent AF. The incidence rate of stroke or systemic embolism after 1 year of follow-up was highest in the DMS without AF group (7.58 vs. 6.63 per 100 person-years). In both groups, DMS without AF and DMS with AF, the incidence rate was highest in patients with prior thromboembolic events (29.61 vs. 5.15 and 19.53 vs. 5.15, respectively). Conclusions: The incidence rate of stroke or systemic embolism was highest in DMS patients without AF. Current Danish guidelines recommend DMS patients should be treated with anticoagulation only with concurrent AF, yet our results call for additional research to establish if DMS patients without AF could benefit from stroke prevention therapy.

A review of risk factors for retinal vein occlusions.

INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for retinal vein occlusion have been extensively studied, with varying population sizes. Smaller populations result in less certain measures of associations. The present review included studies with a relevant population size to identify clinically relevant risk factors for retinal vein occlusion. Understanding the risk factors of retinal vein occlusion is important for the management of these patients. AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive literature review was conducted through a systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase. Additional studies were selected from cross references in the assessed studies. Weighted effect measures were calculated for all included risk factors.Risk factors associated with retinal vein occlusion included cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, systemic diseases, medical interventions, and sociodemographic factors. EXPERT OPINION: This review provided an extensive overview of a wide variety of risk factors increasing the risk of developing retinal vein occlusion. The severity of the identified risk factors indicated that these patients have been in contact with the health care system before their retinal vein occlusion event. Therefore, the clinical course for patients with retinal vein occlusion may benefit from a multidisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists and especially cardiologists.

Frailty syndrome: an emerging clinical problem in the everyday management of clinical arrhythmias. The results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey.

The age of patients presenting with complex arrhythmias is increasing. Frailty is a multifaceted syndrome characterized by an increased vulnerability to stressors and a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. The prevalence of frailty is associated with age. The aims of this European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) EP Wire survey were to evaluate the proportion of patients with frailty and its influence on the clinical management of arrhythmias. A total of 41 centres-members of the EHRA Electrophysiology Research Network-in 14 European countries completed the web-based questionnaire in June 2017. Patients over 70 years represented 53% of the total treated population, with the proportion of frail elderly individuals reaching approximately 10%; 91.7% of the responding centres reported treating frail subjects in the previous year. The respondents usually recognized frailty based on the presence of problems of mobility, nutrition, and cognition and inappropriate loss of body weight and muscle mass. Renal failure, dementia, disability, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, falls, and cancer were reported to characterize the elderly frail individuals. Atrial fibrillation was considered the prevalent arrhythmia associated with frailty by 72% of the responding centres, and for stroke prevention, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were preferred. None of the respondents considered withholding the prevention of thrombo-embolic events in subjects with a history of falls. All participants have agreed that cardiac resynchronization therapy exerts positive effects including improvement in cardiac, physical, and cognitive performance and quality of life. The majority of respondents preferred an Arrhythmia Team to manage this special population of elderly patients, and many would like having a simple tool to quickly assess the presence of frailty to guide their decisions, particularly on the use of complex cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs). In conclusion, the complex clinical condition in frail patients presenting with arrhythmias warrants an integrated multidisciplinary approach both for the management of rhythm disturbances and for the decision on using CIEDs.

Rivaroxaban versus warfarin and dabigatran in atrial fibrillation: comparative effectiveness and safety in Danish routine care.

PURPOSE: To evaluate effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin or dabigatran etexilate in a prospective cohort of routine care non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients during February 2012 to August 2014. METHODS: We identified in nationwide health registries a cohort of AF patients who were new-users of rivaroxaban 15 mg (R15) or 20 mg (R20); dabigatran 110 mg (D110) or 150 mg (D150); or warfarin. Propensity-adjusted Cox regression was used to compare outcome rates in four settings: 'R15 vs. warfarin'; 'R15 vs. D110'; 'R20 vs. warfarin'; and 'R20 vs. D150'. RESULTS: Rivaroxaban users (R15: n = 776; R20: n = 1629) were older and with more comorbidities than warfarin (n = 11 045) and dabigatran users (D110: n = 3588; D150: n = 5320). Rivaroxaban 15-mg users had the overall highest crude mortality rate. After propensity adjustment, rivaroxaban had lower stroke rates vs. warfarin (R15: hazard ratio [HR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.82; R20 HR: 0.72, 95%CI: 0.51-1.01), and similar stroke rates vs. dabigatran. The bleeding rate was similar to warfarin and moderately higher vs. dabigatran (R15 vs. D110 HR: 1.28, 95%CI: 0.82-2.01; R20 vs. D150 HR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.25-2.62). The mortality rate was higher vs. dabigatran (R15 vs. D110 HR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.13-1.81; R20 vs. D150 HR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.06-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: Rivaroxaban was associated with similar or lower stroke rates, but higher bleeding and mortality rates. Channeling of rivaroxaban towards elderly and less healthy patients may have generated residual confounding. In particular, our findings cannot stand alone when deciding which oral anticoagulant to prescribe. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.