Reproductive tract vasculature of the female emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).

The arterial supply of the ovary and oviduct is provided by the ovarian artery, cranial oviductal artery, accessory cranial oviductal artery, middle oviductal artery, caudal oviductal artery and the medial and lateral vaginal arteries. These arteries supply various regions of the oviduct and are branches of either the left cranial renal artery, left external iliac artery, left middle renal artery, left lateral caudal artery or the left pudendal artery. The veins that drain the reproductive tract are satellite vessels to each artery that supplied the tract.

Effects of lipopolysaccharide and phenylbutazone on gastric contents in the horse.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Endotoxaemia causes a disruption of gastrointestinal motility in the horse but there is no information on its effects on gastric secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration is known to affect gastric secretion in other species. HYPOTHESIS: That LPS, a toxic component of Gram-negative bacteria, would reduce gastric acid secretion and that pretreatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ) would block the effects of LPS. METHODS: The effects of LPS and PBZ on gastric contents were investigated in fasted, mature horses, with permanent gastric cannulae. Horses were pretreated with either saline or PBZ 15 mins before a 60 min infusion of either LPS or saline. Gastric contents were collected at 15 min intervals for 3 h, beginning 15 mins after the start of the LPS or saline infusion. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide significantly decreased gastric acid output, [K+] and potassium output and increased [Na+] and sodium output. Phenylbutazone did not affect basal gastric acid secretion but decreased LPS-induced changes in the secreted volume, [Na+] and sodium output. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that LPS affects gastric acid secretion in the horse and that these LPS-induced changes are mediated, in part, by prostaglandins. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Lipopolysaccharide administration can induce changes in the composition of gastric contents in the horse but further work is needed to determine the source of these changes.

Comparison of endoscopic, necropsy and histology scoring of equine gastric ulcers.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) represents a major health problem in performance horses. Much debate exists regarding endoscopic gastric ulcer scoring systems and their ability accurately to predict severity or depth of gastric ulcers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an endoscopist to count gastric ulcers and predict gastric ulcer severity or depth using 2 endoscopic scoring systems and compare them to the same gastric ulcers see on necropsy and histopathology. Endoscopic examination of the stomach was performed under general anaesthesia on 23 mixed breed yearling horses, after feed was withheld for 24 h. Gastric ulcers were scored using 2 systems, number/severity-scoring (N/S) and practitioner simplified (PS) systems. After endoscopy, the horses were subjected to euthanasia and the stomach mucosa examined blindly and scored again at necropsy using above scoring systems. Representative gastric ulcers were then placed in 10% formalin and processed routinely for histopathology. The gastric ulcers were scored using a histopathology system (HSS) based on ulcer depth. Number scores in the N/S scoring system and PS on endoscopic and necropsy examinations were compared using Friedman 2 way analysis of variance. Where significant differences between variables were found a post hoc analysis was conducted using a Tukey's Studentised range (HSD) test. Severity scores using the N/S (ENGS) and PS scores recorded for the stomach via endoscopy and scores from HSS were evaluated for significant association using a Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square and Pearson moment correlation coefficient analysis. Significance was P < 0.05. All horses had gastric ulcers in the nonglandular mucosa via endoscopic examination and at necropsy examination. Mean nonglandular ulcer number (ENGN) score was significantly (P = 0.0024) lower on endoscopic examination compared to the score at necropsy (NNGN); whereas PS scores were not significantly different on endoscopy when compared to necropsy examination. A significant but weak association was found between ENGS and HSS (3.89, P = 0.048; r = 0.453, P = 0.045) and no correlation was found between PS and HSS (1.2, P = 0.272; r = 0.117; P = 0.622). Only 1/23 horses had glandular ulcers observed via endoscopic examination whereas, 6/23 horses had glandular ulcers at necropsy and on histopathology. The prevalence of EGUS is high in stalled yearling horses. The endoscopist may underestimate the number of gastric ulcers and may not be able accurately to predict the severity or depth of those ulcers present in the nonglandular equine stomach. Furthermore, the endoscopist may miss glandular gastric ulcers.

Evaluation of diet as a cause of gastric ulcers in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To measure pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and lactate concentrations in stomach contents and determine number and severity of gastric lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay-grain diets. ANIMALS: Six 7-year-old horses. PROCEDURE: A gastric cannula was inserted in each horse. Horses were fed each diet, using a randomized crossover design. Stomach contents were collected immediately after feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after feeding on day 14. The pH and VFA and lactate concentrations were measured in gastric juice Number and severity of gastric lesions were scored during endoscopic examinations. RESULTS: The alfalfa hay-grain diet caused significantly higher pH in gastric juice during the first 5 hours after feeding, compared with that for bromegrass hay. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in gastric juice, and number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. Valeric acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid concentrations and pH were useful in predicting severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain, whereas valeric acid concentrations and butyric acid were useful in predicting severity of those lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An alfalfa hay-grain diet induced significantly higher pH and VFA concentrations in gastric juice than did bromegrass hay. However, number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. An alfalfa hay-grain diet may buffer stomach acid in horses.

Tissue strength and wound morphology of the equine linea alba after ventral median celiotomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tensile strength and wound morphology of the equine linea alba at intervals over 6 months after ventral median celiotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Linea alba tensile strength and wound morphology were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Linea alba samples from 3 unoperated horses were used as controls. ANIMALS: Eighteen adult horses, weighing 400 to 500 kg, 4 to 15 years old. METHODS: Tensile strength and thickness of incised linea alba samples collected at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after ventral median celiotomy were compared with control linea alba samples. Additional samples were subjectively evaluated for wound morphology, notably collagen morphology. RESULTS: Control linea alba had a mean (+/-SEM) tensile strength of 484.9 +/- 58.3 N and was significantly (P < or = .05) stronger than at 2 weeks (87.7 +/- 61.4 N) after surgery. The tensile strength of 4-week (305.8 +/- 61.7 N), 8-week (465.4 +/- 56.5 N), and 16-week (477.8 +/- 57.2 N) samples were not significantly different from control linea alba. At 24 weeks, the tensile strength (721.0 +/- 57.9 N) was significantly stronger than control. The 2-, 4-, and 8-week samples were significantly thicker than controls, whereas the 16- and 24-week samples were not different from controls. On microscopy, control samples were characterized by dense mature collagen bundles. At 2 weeks, samples consisted primarily of granulation tissue, whereas at 4 weeks, samples had immature collagen fibers that were not formed into bundles, and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks, all samples had abundant mature collagen fibers formed into bundles. CONCLUSIONS: At 8 weeks, incised and sutured equine linea alba had a tensile strength comparable with non-incised linea alba and was characterized by mature collagen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on tensile strength and wound morphology, horses that have had an uncomplicated recovery after ventral median celiotomy should be able to return to controlled exercise as early as 60 days after surgery.

Effects of orally administered enteric-coated omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of orally administered omeprazole, as enteric-coated capsules, on baseline and stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses. ANIMALS: 5 healthy 8-year-old mixed-breed horses fitted with gastric cannulas. PROCEDURE: Enteric-coated granules of omeprazole were mixed with corn syrup and administered orally once daily for 5 consecutive days. On days 1 and 5 beginning 5 hours after omeprazole administration, 4 gastric fluid samples were collected, each for 15 minutes, via the gastric cannula (baseline samples). Pentagastrin was administered IV as a constant infusion for the subsequent 2 hours, and 15-minute gastric fluid samples were again collected (stimulated samples). Fluid volume, acidity (mmol H-/L), and pH and gastric acid production (mmol H+) were determined for all baseline samples and for stimulated samples collected during the second hour of pentagastrin infusion. Control experiments were done in a similar manner after giving corn syrup alone to the same horses. RESULTS: Compared with values obtained during control experiments, baseline and stimulated gastric fluid acidity and gastric acid production significantly decreased, and the mean pH of gastric fluid samples significantly increased, after horses were given 5 daily doses of omeprazole. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteric-coated omeprazole (1.0 mg/kg of body weight; PO) administered once daily for 5 days significantly inhibited unstimulated and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses. This commercially available formulation of omeprazole may be efficacious in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in horses.

Effect of omeprazole paste on gastric acid secretion in horses.

In a multicentre trial, 13 cannulated horses were treated orally once daily with a paste that delivered omeprazole at a dose of 4 and 5 mg/kg bwt in a 2-period crossover design to evaluate steady state gastric acid suppression. In each period, basal (unstimulated) and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric output were evaluated at 5-8 h after 5 doses, at 13-16 h after 10 doses, and at 21-24 h after 15 doses. Baseline data for gastric acid secretion were collected once for each horse in the month prior to initiation of omeprazole treatment. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion relative to baseline values, following treatment with omeprazole, were calculated and expressed as per cent. Pharmacokinetic data were also collected in this trial. At 4 mg/kg bwt, the oral paste formulation of omeprazole inhibited both basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by 99% at 5-8 h after treatment and by 83% (basal) and 90% (pentagastrin-stimulated) at 21-24 h. Inhibition following the administration of omeprazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg bwt was not significantly greater than when given at 4 mg/kg bwt. The results from this study could possibly lead to the development of an effective and practical antisecretory treatment of ulcer disease in horses.

Ovarian torsion as a cause of colic in a neonatal foal.

A 1-week-old Morgan filly was evaluated because of acute signs of abdominal pain of 7 hours' duration. On admission, physical examination findings were unremarkable; however, radiography of the abdomen revealed slight distention of the small intestine. Signs of abdominal discomfort were detected during several hours of observation. Abnormalities were not evident during gastroscopic evaluation. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was performed. The only abnormal finding was infarction of the left ovary secondary to a 720 degrees torsion of the mesovarium. The vascular pedicle was ligated and the ovary was removed. Recovery from anesthesia and surgery was satisfactory, and the foal was discharged from the hospital 5 days after surgery. Two years later, it appeared to be clinically normal. Review of the recent veterinary literature failed to find reports of ovarian torsion as a cause of signs of abdominal pain in horses. Ovarian torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis in fillies with acute signs of abdominal pain, especially when laparotomy fails to reveal abnormalities associated with the gastrointestinal tract.

Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in horses following endotoxin treatment.

The effect of cisapride pretreatment on gastric emptying in horses was determined by measuring serum concentrations of acetaminophen, a drug known to be readily absorbed in the small intestine but not in the stomach. The time to reach maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations (Tmax), the maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) and the area under the serum acetaminophen concentration vs. time curves (AUC) were compared among treatment groups. In the first part of the study, the effect of orally administered cisapride (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg bwt) on gastric emptying was examined in 6 normal fasted horses. In the second part of the study, gastric emptying in horses given endotoxin i.v. (n = 6) was compared to those that received cisapride per os prior to administration of endotoxin (n = 6) and those that received neither compound (n = 6). Cisapride did not alter gastric emptying in normal horses. Endotoxin caused a profound delay in gastric emptying and pretreatment with cisapride significantly attenuated this effect. It is concluded that cisapride may be useful as a prophylactic measure when administered prior to the development of endotoxaemia.

Phenylbutazone prevents the endotoxin-induced delay in gastric emptying in horses.

The effect of phenylbutazone on gastric emptying in horses was determined by measuring serum concentrations of acetaminophen. Gastric emptying was determined in normal fasted horses (n = 6), horses given endotoxin intravenously (n = 6), horses given intravenous phenylbutazone (n = 6), and horses given intravenous phenylbutazone plus endotoxin (n = 6). The mean time to reach maximum serum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax), the maximum serum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the serum acetaminophen concentration versus time curve (AUC) were compared among treatment groups. Phenylbutazone did not alter gastric emptying in normal horses. Endotoxin caused a profound delay in gastric emptying, and pretreatment with phenylbutazone abolished this effect.

Closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy in horses with use of linear stapling equipment.

OBJECTIVE: To use gastrointestinal linear stapling instrumentation to perform a closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy in adult horses as an alternative to a stapled side-to-side jejunojejunostomy. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical outcome, anatomic and histological architecture, and anastomotic dimensions were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: 18 adult horses. METHODS: The anastomosis and peritoneal cavity were inspected for adhesions. The diameter and circumference of the anastomosis and jejunum oral and aboral to the anastomosis were determined from digitized contrast radiographs and linear measurements. Healing of anastomotic sites was evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Three horses were euthantized in the immediate postoperative period. In the 15 surviving horses, there were no peritoneal adhesions or distortion of the anastomoses and stomas remodeled in an end-to-end fashion. The mean anastomotic staple line (7.48 cm) and mucosa (6.89 cm) diameters were significantly (P < .05) larger than the mean jejunal diameter oral (6.03 cm) and aboral (6.01 cm) to the anastomosis. The mean anastomotic luminal circumference (13.61 cm) was significantly (P < .01) larger than the mean oral (11.43 cm) and aboral (11.12 cm) jejunal circumference. Histologically, there was adequate mucosal and muscularis mucosae reapposition with a moderate degree of fibrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy resulted in an acceptable functional anastomosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique appears to be an acceptable alternative to linearly stapled, side-to-side jejunojejunostomies performed in horses.

Evaluation of surgical scrub methods for large animal surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 5-minute surgical scrub using either a one-brush or a two-brush technique in clean and dirty surgical procedures, and to compare the efficacy of povidone iodine with chlorhexidine as surgical scrub solutions. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: Nine veterinarians scrubbed their hands on eight separate occasions using either povidone iodine or chlorhexidine gluconate. A 5-minute scrub and either a one-brush or two-brush technique used in both clean and dirty operations were evaluated by taking glove juice samples before scrubbing, immediately after scrubbing, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after scrubbing. Glove juice samples were cultured and the colonies were counted. Percent reductions of bacterial forming units were calculated for all eight scrub procedures. RESULTS: All scrub procedures provided an adequate percent reduction in colony forming units (CFU) during the 2-hour sampling period. The number of CFU immediately after scrubbing were significantly lower than prescrub. At 120 minutes, there were significantly fewer CFUs than presecrub, but there were more than immediately after scrubbing. No significant difference in reduction in CFUs were detected between one-brush and two-brush techniques. Both chlorhexidine and povidone iodine scrub solutions adequately reduced bacterial colony counts for 120 minutes after scrubbing regardless of the amount of contamination before skin preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial counts after a hand scrub procedure using a one-brush technique were not significantly different than after a procedure that used a two-brush technique. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine are equally effectively in decreasing bacterial numbers on the skin, given a variety of contamination levels present before the scrub procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Surgeons may use either chlorhexidine or povidone iodine for antiseptic preparation of their hands before surgery. A two-brush technique is not necessary.

Treatment of mycotic rhinitis with itraconazole in three horses.

Itraconazole, a third-generation azole, was evaluated for treatment of resistant nasal mycotic infections in horses. Two horses with Aspergillus spp nasal granulomas and 1 horse with Conidiobolus coronatus nasal infection were treated with itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid). One of the horses with nasal aspergillosis was also treated by surgical resection of the nasal septum. The treatment time for the horses ranged from 3 to 4.5 months. No adverse effects were noted in any of the horses during the treatment period. Peak and trough serum itraconazole concentrations were < 0.5 micrograms/mL in all 3 horses. Itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid) appears to be effective in the treatment of nasal Aspergillus spp infections in horses because the fungal infection was eliminated in both horses. One horse still had excessive nasal sounds during exercise and was retired from training, whereas the other horse returned to normal. The nasal C. coronatus infection appeared resistant to itraconazole treatment in the affected horse because the granulomas were still present after 4.5 months of treatment.

Evaluation of use of dimethyl sulfoxide for intra-articular lavage in clinically normal horses.

The antebrachiocarpal and tarsocrural joints of 10 adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Groups were formulated and were treated as follows: group 1, control (arthrocentesis only); group 2, buffered lactated Ringer solution; group 3, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; w/v) in lactated Ringer solution; and group 4, 30% DMSO (w/v) in lactated Ringer solution. Joints were lavaged once with the respective solution. Prior to lavage and on days 1, 4, and 8 after lavage, all horses were evaluated for lameness and joint effusion; synovial fluid total and differential WBC counts, synovial fluid total protein concentration, and mucin clot quality were determined. Horses were euthanatized on day 8, and joints were evaluated grossly, histologically, and histochemically. Significant difference was not observed in effect of lactated Ringer solution, 10% DMSO, and 30% DMSO on any measured variable. At 24 hours after treatment, significant (P less than 0.05) difference in synovial fluid WBC numbers and total protein concentration was detected between control and treated joints. Eighty percent of lavaged joints had effusion 24 hours after treatment, compared with 30% of control joints. Gross, histopathologic, or histochemical differences were not detected between treated and control joints. Results of the study indicate that buffered lactated Ringer, 10% DMSO, and 30% DMSO solutions induce similar inflammatory changes in articular structures and significantly greater inflammatory reaction than does arthrocentesis alone.

Sperm granuloma in a stallion.

A 7-year-old stallion with a history of abdominal pain after it fell was examined and found to have a swelling of the right testis and epididymis. Semen evaluation revealed an increase in secondary sperm abnormalities. The stallion was unilaterally castrated. The histologic diagnosis was sperm granuloma, with no evidence of infection. Periductal fibrosis was observed and appeared to have developed before the trauma occurred. The changes seen could be compatible with chronic blockade of efferent ductules, resulting in extravasation of spermatozoa.

Vaginal perforation after coitus in three mares.

Three cases of vaginal perforation after coitus are discussed. The most consistent clinical sign is a small amount of blood escaping from the vulvar lips immediately after breeding. Secondary infection and posttraumatic swelling may cause abdominal pain due to rectal impaction. Treatment with high levels of an appropriate antibiotic is important to reduce the risk of a severe infectious peritonitis. The use of artificial insemination or a breeding roll to prevent full intromission is recommended.