Perforación vascular por catéter venoso central / Vascular perforation by central venous catheter

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Impacto de un nuevo modelo de Medicina Intensiva sobre la asistencia en un servicio de Medicina Intensiva / Impact of a new model of intensive care medicine upon healthcare in a department of intensive care medicine

Objetivos Evaluar un nuevo modelo organizativo en un servicio de Medicina Intensiva, con la puesta en marcha de servicio extendido y unidad de apoyo. Diseño Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, comparativo. Ámbito El estudio se realiza en un SMI de un hospital de tercer nivel (2009-2011). Comparando 3 periodos de tiempo (P1, P2 y P3) deferentes en cuanto a organización y logística dentro nuestro SMI. Pacientes Se analizan todos los enfermos que ingresan en el SMI, durante el periodo de estudio. Se excluyen los pacientes del área de cuidados intensivos materno infantil. Variables de interés Porcentaje de enfermos con estancias menores de 2 días, invasividad empleada en los enfermos; reingreso en el SMI, el tipo de ingreso y el porcentaje de estancias superiores a un mes; APACHE II, las estancias medias en la UCI y la turnicidad de los ingresos. Resultados Analizamos una muestra de 3.209 enfermos; La edad media fue de 58,23 (18,23), con un APACHE II medio de 16,67 (8,23), siendo el 65% varones y presentando una estancia media de 7,3 (10,3) días en el periodo analizado. El ratio APACHEII/número de camas fue de 0,69 (0,34) en P1, frente a 0,68 (0,33) de P2 y 0,76 (0,37) en P3 (< 0,001). El grado de intervención de vigilancia (Grado 1) fue del 42% (39-46%) en P1, 40% (37-43%) en P2 y 31% (28-35%) en P3 (< 0,001). La estancia media en UCI varió de 7,10 días (8,82) en P1, 6,60 días (9,49) en P2 y 8,42 días (12,73) en P3 (< 0,001).Conclusiones Se ha producido un aumento del número de pacientes atendidos por nuestro SMI, con un descenso de pacientes que ingresan en las UCI convencionales. Los enfermos que ingresan ahora en la UCI son enfermos más graves, requieren un nivel de intervención mayor y ocasionan un aumento de la estancia media en la UCI (AU)

Objectives To evaluate a new organizational model in an intensive care unit, with the implementation of early warning systems and a support unit. Design A retrospective, comparative cohort study was carried out. Setting The study was carried out in the Department of Intensive Care Medicine (DICM) of a tertiary hospital (2009-2011), with the comparison of three time periods (P1, P2 and P3) that differed in terms of organization and logistics. Patients We analyzed all patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. Patients from maternal and infant intensive care were excluded. Variables of interest Percentage of patients with stays of under two days, with invasiveness used; readmission to the DICM, type of admission and percentage of stays of longer than one month; APACHE II score, mean stay in the ICU and shift distribution of the admissions. Results We analyzed a sample of 3209 patients (65% males), with a mean age of 58.23 (18.23) years, a mean APACHE II score of 16.67 (8.23), and presenting an occupancy rate of 7.3 (10.3) days in the analyzed period. The ratio APACHE II score/number of beds was 0.69 (0.34) in P1, compared to 0.68 (0.33) in P2 and 0.76 (0.37) in P3 (p<0.001). The intervention surveillance grade (grade 1) was 42% (39-46%) in P1, 40% (37-43%) in P2 and 31% (28-35%) in P3 (p<0.001). The average stay in the ICU ranged from 7.10 days (8.82) in P1to 6.60 days (9.49) in P2 and 8.42 days (12.73) in P3 (p<0.001).Conclusions There has been an increase in the number of patients seen in our DICM, with a decrease in the patients admitted to the conventional ICU. Patients now admitted to the ICU are more seriously ill, require a greater level of intervention, and give rise to an increase in the mean duration of stay in the ICU (AU)

Impact of a new model of intensive care medicine upon healthcare in a department of intensive care medicine.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a new organizational model in an intensive care unit, with the implementation of early warning systems and a support unit. DESIGN: A retrospective, comparative cohort study was carried out. SETTING: The study was carried out in the Department of Intensive Care Medicine (DICM) of a tertiary hospital (2009-2011), with the comparison of three time periods (P1, P2 and P3) that differed in terms of organization and logistics. PATIENTS: We analyzed all patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. Patients from maternal and infant intensive care were excluded. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Percentage of patients with stays of under two days, with invasiveness used; readmission to the DICM, type of admission and percentage of stays of longer than one month; APACHE II score, mean stay in the ICU and shift distribution of the admissions. RESULTS: We analyzed a sample of 3209 patients (65% males), with a mean age of 58.23 (18.23) years, a mean APACHE II score of 16.67 (8.23), and presenting an occupancy rate of 7.3 (10.3) days in the analyzed period. The ratio APACHE II score/number of beds was 0.69 (0.34) in P1, compared to 0.68 (0.33) in P2 and 0.76 (0.37) in P3 (p<0.001). The intervention surveillance grade (grade 1) was 42% (39-46%) in P1, 40% (37-43%) in P2 and 31% (28-35%) in P3 (p<0.001). The average stay in the ICU ranged from 7.10 days (8.82) in P1 to 6.60 days (9.49) in P2 and 8.42 days (12.73) in P3 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increase in the number of patients seen in our DICM, with a decrease in the patients admitted to the conventional ICU. Patients now admitted to the ICU are more seriously ill, require a greater level of intervention, and give rise to an increase in the mean duration of stay in the ICU.

[Atheroembolic disease and pulmonary haemorrhage]. / Enfermedad ateroembólica y hemorragia pulmonar.

The cholesterol embolism syndrome is a multisystemic disease resulting from cholesterol crystal emboli deriving from ulcerous atherosclerotic plaques of the aorta or large arteries. Cholesterol crystal embolization can affect multiple organ, including the skin, kidney, brain, eyes, gastrointestinal tract and extremities, and mimic other systemic diseases like vasculitis. Cholesterol crystal embolization of lungs has been described and should be included in the differential diagnostic of pulmonary-renal syndromes. The diagnosis of cholesterol embolism should be considered in elderly patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic disease who develop renal failure and clinical features of peripheral cholesterol crystal embolization in association with precipitating event, without the need for histological demonstration of cholesterol clefts. This syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality but recent reports suggest that an aggressive therapeutic management with patient-tailored supportive measures, avoids precipitating factors, and the use of corticosteroids may be associated with a favorable clinical outcome.

Enfermedad ateroembólica y hemorragia pulmonar / Atheroembolic disease and pulmonary haemorrhage

El síndrome de embolismo de colesterol se produce por la liberación de cristales de colesterol de placas ateroscleróticas ulceradas de grandes arterias. Puede afectar múltiples órganos simulando enfermedades sistémicas como las vasculítis, y debe ser incluido en el diagnóstico diferencial de los síndromes neumo-renales. El diagnóstico de embolismo de colesterol debería contemplarse en pacientes de edad, con enfermedad aterosclerótica previa, que desarrollan fallo renal o deterioro de una insuficiencia renal previa, y en los que aparecen hallazgos clínicos sugestivos de embolismos de colesterol periféricos, asociado a factores precipitantes, sin necesidad de demostración histológica. Este síndrome se ha asociado tradicionalmente a una alta morbi-mortalidad, aunque en recientes series se sugiere que un manejo agresivo con medidas de soporte, evitando factores precipitantes y el uso de corticoides a bajas dosis pueden proporcionar una mejoría en su pronóstico (AU)

[Synchronized independent pulmonary ventilation in the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome]. / Ventilación pulmonar independiente sincronizada en el tratamiento del síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto.

INTRODUCTION: Synchronized independent lung ventilation (SILV) is an effective mode of mechanical ventilation for treating both unilateral and bilateral pulmonary lesions. Oxygenation improves with an increase in the ventilation/perfusion ratio and also diminishes the risk of barotrauma. We describe our broad experience with this technique. Our main objective was to confirm whether SILV is able to improve the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference [P(A-a)O2] of patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in whom conventional mechanical ventilation has not brought about improvement after being used for over 48 hours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a descriptive, open, controlled prospective study of 45 patients with severe ARDS, enrolled from among 68 who underwent treatment with SILV. The most frequent cause of ARDS in our study was multiple trauma. The patients diagnosed of ARDS who did not improve with conventional mechanical ventilation were treated with SILV. Clinical characteristics and mortality are described. APACHE II scores, PAOA-aO2, dynamic distensibility were analyzed before and after SILV. The results of SILV were considered good if PA-aO2 improved at least 30% within 48 hours, with no increase in distensibility. RESULTS: No complications due to the technique were observed. Twenty-two patients (48.8%) died, 18 as a result of multiple organ failure and only one (4.5%) because of hypoxia. The improvements in APACHE II and (PA-aO2 were statistically significant, while distensibility did not change. The result was defined as good in most cases (n = 34, 83.8%). CONCLUSIONS: SILV is useful for providing ventilatory support when ARDS fails to improve with conventional mechanical ventilation. Clear improvement in respiratory function was observed, with significant decrease in PA-aO2 and no change in distensibility. SILV is a safe technique with few complications and can be managed by the intensive care unit nursing staff.