Surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the development of the scheme for further soil-transmitted nematodiasis surveillance. Methods Soil-borne nematode infections were detected using the modified Kato-Katz method (two slides for one sample) among the permanent residents living in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and Enterobius vermicularis infection was additionally detected among children at ages of 12 years and lower using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method. The prevalence and intensity of human soil-borne nematode and E. vermicularis infections were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 51 259 person-time residents were detected for soil-borne nematode infections in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and 48 egg-positives were identified, with a 0.09% prevalence. The soil-borne nematodes infecting residents included Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, with 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.002% prevalence rates of infections, and all infections were mild. There was a region-specific prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections in Yancheng City (χ2 = 18.21, P = 0.02), with the highest prevalence seen in Funing County (0.21%), while no infections were detected in Dafeng District for five successive years. The overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 0.22% among children at ages of 12 years and lower in Yancheng City. Conclusions The prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections appears a gradual decline in residents living in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and is at an extremely low level. Further surveillance of soil-transmitted nematodiasis requires to be intensified targeting key regions and populations to consolidate the control achievements.

Investigation of Anisakis infections in market-available marine fish in Dongtai City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the situation of Anisakis infection of in market-available marine fish in Dongtai City, so as to provide the evidence for the assessment of the risk of human Anisakis infections. Methods Raw and fresh marine fish caught in the sea of Dongtai City for sale were collected in 2018. The fish were weighted and dissected for the identification of Anisakis, and the prevalence and intensity of Anisakis infections were calculated. In addition, the correlation between the weight of Anisakis-infected marine fish and the infection intensity of Anisakis was examined. Results There were four species of marine fish infected with Anisakis, including Trichiurus haumela, Scomberomorus niphonius, Pneumatophorus japonicus and Larimichthys polyactis. Among the 149 fish samples, there were 78 with Anisakis infections, with a prevalence rate of 52.35%. The prevalence of Anisakis infection was 100.00% (28/28), 30.00% (9/30), 0 (0/30), 53.33% (16/30) and 80.65% (25/31) in T. haumela, S. niphonius, cuttle fish, P. japonicus and L. polyactis, respectively. A total of 1 049 Anisakis worms were collected, and the overall intensity of infection was 13.45 worms per fish. Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the weight of T. haumela and the intensity of Anisakis infection (rs = 0.38, P = 0.047), and no correlation was found in other fish species. Conclusions There is a high rate of Anisakis infection in marine fish along the offshore areas of Dongtai City. Intensification of health education is required and healthy and safe dietary habits are encouranged.

Investigation on the risk of of Anisakis infection among high - risk populations along the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the risk of Anisakis infections among high-risk populations along the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province, so as to develop the strategy for the prevention and control of anisakiasis in the province. Methods Three counties along the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province were selected as the study sites in 2018, including Rudong County in Nantong City, Haizhou District in Lianyungang City and Dongtai City in Yancheng City. The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of anisakiasis prevention and control, and the prevalence of serum specific IgG antibody against Anisakis were investigated among high-risk populations among these three study sites, including fishermen, fish seller and people who liked eating fresh and live marine fish. Factors affecting the prevalence of the specific IgG antibody against Anisakis were identified using a multiple logistic regression model. In addition, Anisakis larvae infections were detected in fresh and live marine fish samples collected from local markets, and the prevalence and intensity of Anisakis infections were estimated. Results A total of 625 high-risk populations were investigated, including 349 men (55.8%). Only 13.0% of the subjects heard about anisakiasis, and a low awareness rate of anisakiasis prevention and control knowledge was seen among these three types of high-risk populations. There were 21.6% of the subjects eating raw or half-cooked marine fish, 5.8% eating undercooked marine fish, 3.2% presenting vomiting, nausea and diarrhea after eating marine fish, 5.1% developing systemic allergic symptoms, and 65.6% using the same chopping board for raw and cooked food. The sero-prevalence of the anti-Anisakis IgG antibody was 7.0% among the study subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified education level [OR = 0.687, 95% CI (0.478, 0.987)] and development of systemic allergic symptoms [OR = 4.641, 95% CI(1.411, 15.268)]as factors affecting the positive anti-Anisakis IgG antibody among the study subjects. Among 494 fresh and live marine fish detected, the prevalence and intensity of Anisakis larvae infection was 64.0% and 8.1 larvae per fish, with high prevalence seen in Trichiurus haumela and Pneumatophorus japonicas. Conclusions The awareness of anisakiasis prevention and control knowledge is low among the high-risk populations living along the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province, and there are high-risk behaviors, such as eating raw or half-cooked food, using the same chopping board for raw and cooked food. In addition, the prevalence of Anisakis infections is high in the marine fish in these areas. Therefore, the health education and health promotion for anisakiasis prevention and control should be intensified.

[Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. METHODS: A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010-2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. Methods A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. Results From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. Conclusion After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010–2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

Evaluation of implementation effect of schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the actual effect of the schistosomiasis control program in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2015. Methods A total of 67 schistosomiasis-endemic counties in 10 cities were selected, and a combination of retrospective investigation and on-site investigation was adopted to collect and record the epidemic data of the counties from 2010 to 2015, and a retrospective survey database of epidemic situation was established. The effects of integrated control strategies with both Oncomelania hupensis snail control and infection source control were evaluated. Results From 2010 to 2015, 2 465 911 persons who lived in endemic areas were detected for schistosomiasis, with 16 974 positive cases of blood examinations, and 8 positive cases of fecal examinations. Totally 5 145 people with advanced schistosomiasis were treated and 40 460 people with the history of schistosome cercarial-infested water contact received the expanded chemotherapy. A total of 127 636 cattle raised in the endemic areas were detected, and 51 619 cattle (head-times) with the history of cercarial-infested water contact also received the expanded chemotherapy. The area with snails control by molluscicides was 18 604.84 hm2. By the end of 2015, schistosomeinfected snails had not been found and there was no zoological schistosome infection for 5 consecutive years, and in addition, there had been no acute schistosome-infected persons for 6 consecutive years in the whole province. The area with snails dropped to 1 977.18 hm2, with a decreasing rate of 55.24% compared with that in 2010. Conclusion After the implementation of the plan for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province (2010–2015), the prevention and control of schistosomiasis has achieved remarkable effects and realized the goal of the plan.

[Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria in Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological trend of imported malaria and its monitoring and control effect in Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for adjusting the prevention and control strategy. METHODS: The data of malaria surveillance, epidemic, prevention and control were collected and analyzed in the districts and counties of Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2015, there were 104 imported malaria cases reported, and the most cases (52 cases, 50%) were reported from Jianhu County. Most of the cases were males (only 2 females), the average age was 38.8 years, and the occupation was mainly labor service worker abroad (94 cases, 97%). The infection source of these cases mainly came from Africa. From 2011 to 2015, 151 980 fever patients received malaria blood tests, and the positive rate was 0.07%. Falciparum malaria cases were the most (90 cases, 86.5%). The confirmed diagnostic rate of malaria within 24 hours increased year by year. All the 104 patients received the standardized treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There are no local malaria cases in Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015, and in the next stage, the monitoring and prevention should be focused on imported malaria, including shortening the confirmed diagnostic time and improving the diagnostic efficiency.

[Study on Oncomelania hupensis snails infected with Schistosoma japonicum miracidia under different conditions in snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis in Nantong City].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the forming cause of the Oncomelania hupensis snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis (SENEAS), and to verify the conclusion of previous studies, so as to provide the evidence for schistosomiasis monitoring in such areas in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province. METHODS: The controlled field tests were carried out to observe the O. hupensis snails artificially infected by schistosome miracidia in SENEAS. The influence of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas on O. hupensis snails artificially infected by miracidia were observed. RESULTS: All the experimental snails could be infected by schistosome miracidia except the smooth-shell snails from Tangyuan Village in the controlled field test environment of SENEAS or the endemic areas. The infection rates of the smooth-shell snails were lower than those of the ribbed-shell snails, but there were no statistically significant differences. The mortality rates of the smooth-shell snails were higher than those of the ribbed - shell snails, which were statistically significant (χ2Xindian = 135.118, χ2Shuangdian = 122.836, χ2Baipu =154.436, χ2Dingyan = 138.288, χ2Control = 151.923, all P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the infection rates of snails between each test group of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas (χ2Rugao = 0.071, χ2Rudong = 0.216, both P > 0.05). Also there was no significant difference between each test group and the control group without soil (χ2 = 7.148, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is likely to form the spread of schistosomiasis in SENEAS in Nantong City with sufficient amount of infection source of schistosomiasis imported. It is still necessary to implement the surveillance of schistosomiasis and O. hupensis snails in Nantong City.

[Analysis of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological trend of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategies. METHODS: The surveillance data of human intestinal helminth infections were collected and analyzed in Yancheng City from 2006 to 2015. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2015, 110 746 person-times of residents in Yancheng City were surveyed in Yancheng City, and 1 732 samples were positive of human intestinal helminth infections. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was highest in 2006 [4.59% (410/8 941)], and lowest in 2013 [0.19% (23/12 165)]. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was significantly decreased over time (χ2 = 27.78, P < 0.001). The human infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hook worm and Trichuris trichura were all decreased over time (Z = -27.75, -22.23 and -16.17, all P < 0.001) from 2006 to 2015, with the reduction rates of 96.57%, 92.31% and 96.47%, respectively. The average EPG of A. lumbricoides, hook worm and T. trichura were 2 534, 360 and 154 respectively, and 1 694 (97.81%) cases were light infections. Totally 1 174 cases of Enterobius vermicularis were found in children under 12 years old, and the cases were decreased over time (χ2 = 12.46, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes in Yancheng City decreases over time from 2006 to 2015, and the control work is effective. The control work of focus groups and environmental management and health education should be strengthened in the future.

Clinical research on intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for treating macular edema caused by pre - retinal membrane of the macular / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( TA ) for the treatment of macular edema caused by pre-retinal membrane of the macular. METHODS: Totally 23 patients ( 24 eyes ) with macular edema caused by pre-retinal membrane of the macular were treated withintravitreal injection of 4mg TA. Best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , intraocular pressure ( IOP ) , slit - lamp examination, fundus fluorescein angiography ( FFA ) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed before and after treatment. The SPSS 12. 0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After 10, 30, 90d of treatment of TA, as compared with before treatment, visual acuity improved significantly ( PCONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of TA in the treatment of macular edema caused by pre - retinal membrane of the macular is simple, safe and easy to operate. It can quickly reduce macular edema, and improve the visual acuity in the short term. Part of patients may recur after injection in the first half of the year.