An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outpatients: good outcome without specific antiviral treatment.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of seasonal respiratory viral infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT) patients. The efficacy of treatment, however, remains controversial. We describe an outbreak of 31 cases of RSV that occurred in an HSCT outpatient care unit in the fall season from March through May 2010, with a good outcome without any specific antiviral treatment. METHODS: During these 3 months, 222 nasal wash samples were tested and, of these, 31 outpatients were positive for RSV. In 2009, 99 samples had been tested and only 10 outpatients were positive for RSV in the same period. RESULTS: Seven (22.5%) patients had severe neutropenia (<500 cells/µL); severe lymphopenia (<200 cells/µL) was present in 13 (41.9%) patients, and 14 (45%) had received intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. Hospitalization was necessary only for 8 patients (25.8%); 20 had lower respiratory tract infection (64.5%). Only 1 patient died as a result of proven invasive aspergillosis. CONCLUSION: This report suggests that HSCT outpatients with no risk factors may not always require specific treatment for RSV.

Antibody response to the non-adjuvanted and adjuvanted influenza A H1N1/09 monovalent vaccines in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus spread rapidly throughout Brazil. Non-adjuvanted and the adjuvanted influenza A H1N1/09 monovalent vaccine were recommended as a single dose to persons at risk including renal transplant recipients (RTR). We analyzed the safety and the immune response of 2 influenza A H1N1/09 monovalent vaccines in RTR, and identified factors influencing the immune response. METHODS: A total of 78 RTR received a single dose of either influenza A H1N1 2009 monovalent AS03-adjuvanted vaccine or a non-adjuvanted vaccine, and 58 healthy controls received a single dose of non-adjuvanted vaccine. Antibody responses to influenza A H1N1 were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay and were compared between groups on the day of vaccination and 21-30 days thereafter, using geometric mean titer (GMT), and seroprotection (SP) and seroconversion (SC) rates. RESULTS: Among RTR, after adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccination, the SP rate increased from 16.7% to 61.7% (P < 0.001) and to 50% (P < 0.001), and SC rates were 61.7% and 50%, respectively. For healthy controls, SP rate increased from 25.8% to 89.7% (P < 0.001), and SC rate was 87.9% after vaccination. Pre-vaccination GMT for the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted RTR vaccine groups and healthy controls was 9.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.3-13.1), 8.9 (95% CI 5.4-14.7), and 12.5 (95% CI8.7-18.2), and significantly increased to 49.8 (95% CI 31.3-79.4, P < 0.001), 43.2 (95% CI 16.3-114.4, P < 0.001), and 323.8 (95% CI 213.9-490.2, P < 0.001), respectively. Deceased-donor type transplant significantly reduced SP (odds ratio [OR] = 4.62, 95% CI 1.36-15.69, P = 0.014) and SC (OR = 6.29, 95% CI 1.89-20.98, P = 0.003) rates, and younger age positively affected SP (OR = 0.11; 95% CI 0.03-0.04, P = 0.001). Adverse events were mild, and renal function showed no change post vaccination. CONCLUSION: RTR vaccinated with either an adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted monovalent influenza vaccine presented poor response compared with healthy controls. Post-vaccination adverse events were mild, and no rejection episode or renal dysfunction was observed.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of caprine toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The objective of this work was to carry out a study on caprine toxoplasmosis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in goats in Minas Gerais, 767 sera from goats were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and IFAT (indirect fluorescence antibody test). The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was 43.0% and 46.0% by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. It was observed that 26.8% of the goats show low-avidity IgG to T. gondii. These results suggest the presence of animals in recent phase of toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais. The risk factors for toxoplasmosis in goats were: age over 36 months (OR=1.21; IC 95% 1.02-1.44), use of pen (OR=1.83; IC 95%1.01-3.31) and pure breed animals (OR=2.49; IC 95% 1.11-5.59).

Loss of hepatitis A virus antibodies after bone marrow transplantation.

Reimmunization guidelines have recommended the inactivated HAV vaccine for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients living in or traveling to areas where hepatitis A is endemic. As a shift from high to medium hepatitis A endemicity has been observed in several countries in Latin America, we conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis A pre-bone marrow transplant (BMT) and the loss of specific antibodies in consecutive stored serum samples from 77 BMT recipients followed up from 82 to 1530 days. The prevalence of HAV antibodies was 92.2% before BMT. As vaccine was not available in Brazil when the samples were taken, it was assumed that this prevalence reflects natural infection. Survival analysis showed that the probability of becoming seronegative was 4.5% (+/-2.6%), 7.9% (+/-3.4%), 10.1% (+/-4.0%), 23.4% (+/-9.6%) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after transplant, respectively. The loss of HAV antibodies was significantly associated with longer follow-up (P=0.0015), younger age (P=0.049) and acute graft-versus-host disease (P=0.035). As most reimmunization protocols start around day +365, in developing countries with similar HAV endemicity, BMT recipients should have serological screening before HAV vaccination and the inactivated vaccine should be advised to those seronegative.

The benefit of influenza vaccination after bone marrow transplantation.

Influenza vaccine is recommended yearly for recipients after the sixth month of BMT. Although a higher risk of complications of influenza is expected to occur in BMT patients, no study has addressed the clinical efficacy of influenza vaccination in this setting. Focusing on the clinical benefits of influenza vaccination, we evaluated the risk factors for influenza infection in a cohort of 177 BMT recipients followed up for 1 year. Influenza was diagnosed in 39 patients. Multivariate analyses showed that seasonal exposure and more aggressive conditioning regimens were independently associated with increased risk for influenza. Influenza vaccination and steroid use showed a protective role. Of the 43 patients who had received BMT longer than 6 months, 19 were vaccinated (compliance rate = 44.2%) and vaccine efficacy was 80%. We conclude that influenza vaccination plays an important role in protecting BMT recipients against influenza and all efforts should be made to ensure good compliance with vaccination.

Use of Oseltamivir to control influenza complications after bone marrow transplantation.

Influenza infection can be severe in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. Although yearly epidemics occur worldwide, and a higher risk of complication is expected in these patients, few studies have addressed the impact of the new neuraminidase inhibitors in the prognosis of influenza after BMT. Influenza A or B infections were found in 39 of the 66 patients (59%) showing a positive nasal wash by DFA. Influenza A was diagnosed in 18 patients and influenza B in 23 patients; two patients were infected by influenza A and B with 84- and 90-day intervals between episodes, respectively. Of the 41 episodes (61%) of influenza A or B, 25 infections occurred during the spring and summer months. Oseltamivir was introduced within 48 h of symptoms appearing. Only two patients (5.1%) developed influenza pneumonia, and no patient died of influenza. A total of 22 patients (56.4%) acquired influenza before day +180 when preventive vaccination strategies are precluded owing to poor immunogenicity of the vaccine during this period. Oseltamivir proved to be safe and appears to have played an important role in the outcome of influenza infection in this population. The therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefits of Oseltamivir in BMT recipients remain to be demonstrated in randomized, prospective trials.

Low mortality rates related to respiratory virus infections after bone marrow transplantation.

Respiratory viruses (RVs) frequently cause severe respiratory disease in bone marrrow transplant (BMT) recipients. To evaluate the frequency of RV, nasal washes were collected year-round from BMT recipients with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (URI). Direct immunofluorescence assay was performed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (Flu) A and B, adenovirus and parainfluenza (Paraflu) virus. Patients with RSV pneumonia or with upper RSV infection, but considered at high risk for developing RSV pneumonia received aerosolized ribavirin. Oseltamivir was given to patients with influenza. A total of 179 patients had 392 episodes of URI. In all, 68 (38%) tested positive: RSV was detected in 18 patients (26.4%), Flu B in 17 (25%), Flu A in 11 (16.2%) and Paraflu in 7 (10.3%). A total of 14 patients (20.6%) had multiple RV infections or coinfection. RSV pneumonia developed in 55.5% of the patients with RSV-URI. One of the 15 patients (6.6%) with RSV pneumonia died. Influenza pneumonia was diagnosed in three patients (7.3%). RSV and influenza infections peaked in fall-winter and winter-spring months, respectively. We observed decreased rates of influenza and parainfluenza pneumonia and low mortality because of RSV pneumonia. The role of antiviral interventions such as aerosolized ribavirin and new neuraminidase inhibitors remains to be defined in randomized trials.

Thermolabile and calcium-dependent serum factor interferes with polymerized actin, and impairs anti-actin antibody detection.

The detection of anti-actin (AAA) by immunofluorescence is hindered by the presence of a serum factor. To better understand how it interferes with AAA detection, we tested sera from 20 patients with autoimmune hepatitis, and from 21 healthy adults, diluted 1:10 and prepared as follows: (A) diluted with PBS; (B) inactivated at 56 degrees C, and diluted with PBS; (C) diluted with 34 mM EDTA/PBS; (D) heated and diluted with EDTA/PBS. To reveal AAA, a fluorescein-labelled anti-human IgG was used in the process of indirect immunofluorescence. In a parallel assay, the substrate, acetone-fixed human fibroblasts, was preincubated with sera prepared as if it were to identify AAA, but instead, a rhodamine-phalloidin was used to identify F-actin, by direct immunofluorescence. All sera from patients were reactive to AAA when heat-inactivated and/or calcium-chelated, and 60% of them when diluted with unmodified sera (P=0.004). F-actin continued to be present after preincubation with heat-inactivated or calcium-chelated sera from patients and healthy controls, and in 41.5% of reactions with unmodified serum (P=0.0000001). The heat inactivation and the calcium chelation were both efficient procedures for maintaining the microfilament structure intact after serum incubation and, therefore, for identifying AAA.

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cytomegalovirus antigenaemia in AIDS patients.

To assess the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenaemia in AIDS patients, 70 patients with CD4+ cell counts < or = 50/mm3 and positive anti-(CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) were tested at 15-30 day intervals for CMV antigenaemia. We selected those patients who had been followed up for more than 3 months. Three patient profiles were defined: A, followed up before the introduction of HAART; B, followed up before and after the use of HAART; and C, followed up after the use of HAART. Thirty-nine patients were included, 12 in group A, 17 in group B, and 10 in group C. Group A patients presented a lower median CD4+ cell count compared with groups B and C patients (9, 122 and 127 cells/mm3, respectively), with the increase in the last 2 groups being related to the use of HAART (P<0.001). A lower proportion of positive antigenaemia was observed in group B after the introduction of HAART compared with the time before HAART (P=0.02). HAART caused an immunological improvement and was found to be associated with negativity of CMV antigenaemia.

Comparison between antigenemia and a quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection after heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Antigenemia and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are widely used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) diagnosis after heart transplantation due to their enhanced predictive values for disease detection when specific cut-off values are used. The purpose of this study was to compare, in the same patient setting, the predictive values of quantitative PCR and antigenemia for CMV disease detection, using specific cut-off values. METHODS: Thirty heart transplant receptors were ch prospectively monitored for active CMV infection and disease detection, using quantitative PCR and anti- po genemia. Positive and negative predictive values for pr CMV disease detection were calculated using cut-off pr values for both antigenemia (5 and 10 positive cells/300,000 neutrophils) and quantitative-PCR (50,000 and 100,000 copies/10(6) leukocytes). RESULTS: Active CMV infection was diagnosed in 93.3% of patients and CMV disease in 23.3%. The positive and negative predictive (%) values for CMV disease detection were 35/100 and 46.7/100, respectively, for quantitative PCR and antigenemia. Using 5 and 10 positive cells/300,000 neutrophils as cut-off values for antigenemia, the positive and negative predictive values (%) for disease detection were respectively 63.6/100 and 70/100. For quantitative PCR, the positive and th negative predictive values (%) for cut-off values of to 50,000 and 100,000 copies/10(6) leukocytes were 53.8/100 and 60/94.1, respectively. CONCLUSION: In our series, antigenemia and quantitative-PCR had enhanced and similar predictive values for CMV disease detection when specific cut-off values were used. The choice between these two methods for disease detection may rely less on their efficiency and more on the experience and familiarity with them.

Extended antigenemia surveillance and late cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic BMT.

Late CMV disease remains a major concern in allogeneic BMT recipients. Few surveillance data are available on the occurrence of CMV infection and recurrences after day +100. We evaluated the occurrence of antigenemia (AG) recurrences until day +365 in 76 patients who received pre-emptive ganciclovir (GCV) therapy prompted by AG > or = 2 positive cells. Sixty-two episodes of AG recurrences were detected in 33 of the 52 patients who had positive AG. Survival analysis showed a 45.4% probability of AG recurrence on day +100, 64.8% on day +180 and 71.2% on day +365. The median time for AG recurrences was 113 (35 to 343) days. Thirty-five of the 62 episodes (56.4%) occurred after day +100. More than 70% of the patients responded to a 2-week course of GCV and no CMV disease was observed shortly after discontinuation of GCV. The Cox proportional model showed a significant effect of AG recurrences on patient's follow-up only when the patient developed chronic GVHD (P = 0.012). Extended surveillance favored early introduction of GCV and late CMV pneumonia occurred in only one of the 76 patients (1.3%). AG recurrences are frequent after day +100 and extended surveillance until day +365 is recommended for patients who develop chronic GvHD.

CMV pneumonia in allogeneic BMT recipients undergoing early treatment of pre-emptive ganciclovir therapy.

The incidence, treatment and outcome of CMV interstitial pneumonia (CMV-IP) were reviewed in 139 consecutive allogeneic BMT patients undergoing extended CMV antigenemia surveillance and two different ganciclovir (GCV) strategies to control CMV infection. Nineteen cases of CMV-IP were reviewed, 16 of 63 patients (25.4%) who received early GCV treatment (ET) and three of 76 patients (3.9%) who received preemptive (PE) GCV therapy. In the ET group, the median time for occurrence of CMV-IP was 55 (range 36 to 311) days. Two patients had three episodes of CMV-IP recurrences after day +100. CMV-IP-related death occurred in two patients (15.4%). In the PE group, 41 patients received pre-emptive GCV therapy prompted by the appearance of positive antigenemia > or =2 cells. The median time for the occurrence of CMV-IP was 92 (range 48 to 197) days. Response to therapy was observed when GCV was introduced within 6 days of antigenemia positivity. The use of IVIg in association with GCV did not play a major role in response to therapy. The median time for occurrence of CMV-IP was delayed during PE strategy and the cost-effectiveness of CMV surveillance after day +100 should be investigated in this population.

Cytomegalovirus infection in children with Down syndrome in a day-care center in Brazil.

This study evaluates the transmission of CMV infection in 120 children aged 1 to 15 years with Down syndrome who attended a day-care center for handicapped children in São Paulo, Brazil. A blood sample was obtained from each children at the beginning of the study for detection of IgG and IgM cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay. Samples of saliva and urine were obtained every 3 months from the children with CMV antibodies to detect shedding of the virus by culture in human foreskin fibroblasts, by detection of pp65 CMV-antigen and by a nested PCR assay. The prevalence of anti CMV-IgG antibodies was 76.6% (92/120), and IgM anti-CMV antibodies were detected in 13% (12/92) of the seropositive children. During the first viral evaluation, CMV was detected in the urine and/or saliva in 39/90 (43.3%) of the seropositive children. In the second and third evaluations, CMV was detected in 41/89 (46%) and in 35/89 (39.3%) children, respectively. Detection of CMV was shown both in urine and saliva in 28/39 (71.8%), 19/41(46.3%) and 20/35 (57.1%) of the children excreting the virus, respectively. Additionally, in 3(3/4)9 (67.4%) of the excreters CMV could be demonstrated in urine or saliva in at least two out of the three virological evaluations carried out sequentially in a six month period. Of the 28 initially seronegative children, 26 were re-examined for anti-CMV IgG antibodies about 18 months after the negative sample; seroconversion was found in 10/26 (38.5%). Taking all 536 samples of urine or saliva examined by virus culture and pp65 antigen detection during the study into account, 159 (29.6%) were positive by virus culture and 59 (11%) gave a positive result with the pp65 assay. These data demonstrate the high prevalence of CMV shedding and the high risk of CMV infection in children with Down syndrome attending a day-care center for mentally handicapped patients. The virus culture was more sensitive than the pp65 CMV antigen assay for CMV detection in both urine and saliva samples.

Cytomegalovirus antigenemia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with untreated cytomegalovirus retinitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and untreated CMV retinitis using conventional cell culture isolation and the sensitive CMV antigenemia assay. METHODS: We examined 24 AIDS patients with ophthalmologic diagnosis of untreated CMV retinitis and 24 AIDS patients without present or past retinitis (control patients) from three medical centers between September 1992 and March 1994. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia was detected by an indirect peroxidase staining in 300,000 cytocentrifuged neutrophils, using a mixture of murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the pp65 lower matrix protein of CMV. RESULTS: Positive antigenemia was demonstrated in eight (33.3%) of the 24 retinitis patients and in none of the 24 control patients (P < .001). Only two of the eight antigenemia-positive patients had a concurrent positive CMV isolation from blood leukocytes by conventional cell culture assay. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the risk of extraocular disease in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis because the virus is often present in peripheral blood leukocytes. The CMV antigenemia assay may be a simple and rapid means of identifying those patients with unilateral retinitis at highest risk of developing CMV retinitis of the fellow eye or of visceral CMV disease if intravitreal injections or implants are used as sole treatment for CMV retinitis.

Cytomegalovirus infection in a day-care center in the municipality of São Paulo.

The prevalence of antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the incidence of CMV infection were tested in 98 children aged 5 to 36 months who attended the day-care center of a University hospital in São Paulo. At the beginning of the study the overall prevalence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies was 44% (43/98). Saliva and/or urine samples were obtained from 38 of the 43 children that were seropositive at the beginning of the study for isolation of the virus, and 52.6% of these children were found to excrete CMV in one of the two materials. Among the 37 children that were initially seronegative from whom it was possible to obtain a new blood sample 6 to 12 months later, 22 (59.5%) presented seroconversion. The rate of viral excretion through urine or saliva from the children that seroconverted was 50%. These results indicate that CMV infection is frequent and occurs early among the children who attend this day-care center. However, controlled studies using molecular epidemiology techniques are needed to define more precisely the role of day-care centers in CMV dissemination.

Heat serum inactivation as a mandatory procedure for antiactin antibody detection in cell culture.

In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the smooth-muscle antibody is specific for polymerized actin. Detection of antiactin antibody (AAA) has been hampered by technical problems. We have investigated AAA in 30 sera from patients with liver diseases and smooth-muscle antibody. AAA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in 1:40, 1:80, and 1:160 dilutions. Five techniques were performed using fibroblasts: with vinblastine (A); without drugs (B); with sodium citrate (C); without drugs but with heat serum inactivation (D); and with sodium citrate and heat serum inactivation (E). For comparative analysis, we considered: the total number of AAA-positive sera regardless of the dilution in which reactivity was observed, as well as in each dilution separately; and the comparison of AAA intensity between 1:40 x 1:80, 1:40 x 1:160, and 1:80 x 1:160 dilutions. AAA was more positive in techniques B, C, D, and E than in A (P < .001) in general, and in each dilution separately. AAA was more positive in technique D than in B in 1:40 (P = .0005) and 1:80 dilutions (P = .03), as well as in E than in C (P = .0001) in 1:40 dilution. Techniques B and D yielded results similar to C and E, respectively. AAA staining was significantly more intense in 1:80 and 1:160 than in 1:40 dilution in A, B, and C; it was both significantly less intense in 1:80 and 1:160 than in 1:40 dilution and in 1:80 than in 1:160 in techniques D and E. We concluded that heat inactivation increased AAA seropositivity/intensity in 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions, preventing false-negative results; actin polymerization with sodium citrate did not enhanced AAA seropositivity/intensity. The technique with vinblastine was the least effective.

Administration of live attenuated varicella vaccine to children with cancer before starting chemotherapy.

From July 1985 to February 1987, of 46 consecutive children with cancer (26 male, 20 female; median age, 4 years) with no prior history of chickenpox, the initial 30 patients were randomized either to receive or not to receive live attenuated varicella vaccine (LAVV) before chemotherapy was started and the remaining 16 patients were all immunized without randomization. Before immunization, Varicella zoster (VZ) antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence and ELISA in 11 (34%) of 32 vaccinated children and two (14%) of 14 controls, indicating previous infection. A booster effect was evident in 70% of them and no side effects were noted. Ten (28%) of 32 vaccinees were excluded from the analysis because of early death due to cancer (1-4 weeks). Seroconversion was demonstrated in ten (77%) of 13 vaccinees, with high antibody titres. Only three of them lost their antibodies 2 years after immunization, as disclosed by serological follow-up. Eight out of 13 vaccinees had household contacts with VZ and none became infected. Zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG) was never given. Among controls, seven out of 14 were exposed to VZ and four (57%) became infected. Mild side effects were observed in four (12.5%) out of 32 vaccinees (three with papulovesicular rash, 6-30 lesions, and one with a 3-day intermittent fever). Local reactions, zoster and spreading of vaccinal virus did not occur. LAVV proved to be safe and effective when administered before starting chemotherapy to children with cancer and no history of varicella.

Infecção pelo citomegalovirus em pacientes com sindrome da imunodeficiencia adquirida (AIDS): relacoes clinico-virologicas e anatomopatologicas / Infection by cytomegalovirus in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): clinical, virological and histopathological correlations

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalencia da infeccao pelo Citomegalovirus (CMV) em pacientes com AIDS, bem como relacionar os achados clinicos virologicos decorrentes desta infeccao com as repercussoes anatomopatologicas, estudamos 50 pacientes adultos atendidos entre abril de 1986 a junho de 1987, em dois hospitais publicos de Sao Paulo (HSP e HSPE). Estes pacientes foram acompanhados clinica e laboratorialmente, por periodo medio de 2 meses com coletas seriadas de sangue, urina e saliva. Foram realizados isolamento do CMV em monocamadas de fibroblastos humanos e testes sorologicos de Imunofluorescencia Indireta (IFI-IgG/IgM) e Reacao Imunoenzimatica (ELISA-IgG). No momento da admissao no estudo 20 por cento (10/50) dos pacientes apresentavam anticorpos IgM CMV especificos e 100 por cento (50/50) deles anticorpos IgG (IFI). Durante o acompanhamento, 5 pacientes inicialmente IgM negativos tornaram-se IgM positivos, sugerindo reativacao ou reinfeccao pelo CMV. O CMV foi isolado de sangue periferico em 12,5 por cento, da urina em 23,2 por cento, da saliva em 21,9 por cento dos pacientes. Exames anatomopatologicos foram realizados em 24 pacientes, correspondendo a 60 por cento dos pacientes que evoluiram para obito durante o periodo de estudo...

[Infection by cytomegalovirus in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): clinical, virological, and histopathological correlations]. / Infecção pelo citomegalovírus em pacientes com síndrome da immunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS): relações clínico-virológicas e anatomopatológicas.

Between April 1986 and June 1987, 50 patients meeting the CDC criteria for AIDS were studied for serological and virological evidence of CMV infection. Attempts for virus isolation from peripheral blood, urine and saliva were performed in cell culture lines of human foreskin fibroblasts and CMV specific IgG and IgM were assayed by IFI and IgG by ELISA. A total of 121 blood, 119 urine and 96 saliva samples were collected. During the study period viremia was noted at least once in 12.5%, viruria in 23.2%, and excretion in saliva in 21.9%. When admitted in the study, 20% (10/50) of the patients had anti-CMV IgM antibodies and 100% (50/50) of them had IgG anti-CMV antibodies (IFI). Five of the 40 patients IgM negative at admission presented anti-CMV IgM antibodies during the study, suggesting CMV reactivation or reinfection. Active CMV infection based on virus isolation and/or IgM positivity was demonstrated in 60% of the patients. Histopathological studies were performed in 24 patients. CMV was found in 50% of the autopsies, mainly in the digestive system, lungs and adrenals. There was no correlation between clinical, virological (serology and isolation) and histopathological diagnosis.

Infecção perinatal pelo citomegalovirus em hospital publico do municipio de Sao Paulo: estudo prospectivo / Perinatal infection due to cytomegaloviruses in a public hospital of the municipality of Säo Paulo: a prospective study

Com o objetivo de se avaliar a magnitude da infeccao perinatal pelo citomegalovirus em hospital publico do municipio de Sao Paulo, os autores acompanharam prospectivamente 98 recem-nascidos ete o quarto mes de vida. Amostras de urina foram coletadas ao nascimento e posteriormente a cada mes, para inoculacao em tubos contendo fibroblastos humanos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ao nascimento, no segundo e quarto mes de vida para pesquisa de anticorpos IgM especificos para o CMV, pelo metodo de imunofluorescencia indireta. Dos 37 recem-nascidos que foram acompanhados ate o quarto mes de vida, 9 se infectaram neste periodo, com diagnostico feito pelo isolamento do CMV. O risco de aquisicao da infeccao pelo citomegalovirus no periodo perinatal estimado pela tabua de sobrevivencia foi de 30,9 por cento. A pesquisa de anticorpos IgM por imunofluorescencia so permitiu tal diagnostico em 2 casos (8,1 por cento). A diferenca observada entre os dois metodos foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,015). O estudo da prevalencia de anticorpos IgG pelo ensaio imunoenzimatico nas maes das criancas mostrou taxas de 92,7 por cento. Nao se isolou CMV nas amostras de leite materno, coletadas mensalmente ate o terceiro mes de lactacao...