The decline in postural balance has a negative impact on the performance of functional tasks in individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

INTRODUCTION: An accurate assessment of balance problems is critical for decreasing the risk of falling in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Reliable diagnostic tools such as Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) are not feasible for the clinical setting. Therefore, the present study's aim was to assess the correlation between the clinical Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and CDP. METHODS: 20 male older adults with Parkinson's Disease (PD) were included in this study. Participants first executed the Sit-To-Stand (STS), Step/Quick turn (SQT), and Step Up and Over (SUO) tests on a Balance Master® force platform, followed by a clinical balance evaluation using the BESTest. RESULTS: Four outcomes of the CDP were negatively correlated with one or more BESTest domains or total BESTest score: STS sway velocity was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment (p = 0.02) and sensory orientation (p = 0.01) domains. SQT turn time was negatively correlated with biomechanical restriction (for turns to the left, p = 0.01, and right, p = 0.03, respectively), postural response (p = 0.01, p = 0.01), dynamic balance during gait (p = 0.007, p = 0.001), and total score (p = 0.02, p = 0.01). Step over time to the right in SUP was negatively correlated with the limits of the stability domain (p = 0.002) and total BESTest score (p = 0.020). SUO impact index was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment domain (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study shows that several BESTest domains are significantly correlated with CDP outcomes, demonstrating that the BESTest can be used as a more clinically feasible alternative for computerized posturography, without loss of information.

Impact of Forced Exhalation Maneuvers During Spirometry on Airway Resistance Measured by Oscillometry in Healthy Children.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of repeated forced spirometry maneuvers on oscillometry parameters of healthy children. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with healthy children (6-12 y old) from schools in Florianopolis-SC/Brazil. Good health condition was confirmed through questionnaires, health history, and normal spirometry. Spirometry maneuvers and impulse oscillometry were conducted according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. The school children were grouped according to the number of spirometry maneuvers performed: 1) 3 maneuvers; 2) 4 maneuvers and 3) 5 to 8 maneuvers. The following oscillometry values were considered: at rest (T0); after the first spirometry maneuver (T1); and after the last maneuver (T2), according to the groups' allocation. The mixed model ANOVA was applied to verify the interaction of oscillometry parameters in all 3 moments and groups. The Friedman test was used for analysis of Fres (p < 0.05). RESULTS: In 149 school children (mean age: 9.13 y old ± 1.98), there was a significant increase in Z5, R5, R20, and X5 values at rest and after the first spirometry maneuver, and values at rest and after the last maneuver in all groups. The effects on analyzed variables were significant in Z5 (F: 12.35; gl: 2; p < 0.001), R5 (F: 11.14; df: 2, p < 0.001), R20 (F: 7.53; df: 2, p < 0.001), and X5 (F: 4.30; df: 2, p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: There were changes in respiratory mechanics after spirometry, like the increase in baseline Z5, R5, R20, and X5 after the first forced spirometry maneuver, and in comparison to the last maneuver obtained.

Changes in postural balance associated with a woman's aging process.

CONTEXT: Aging causes a progressive worsening in postural balance, affecting functional independence and increasing the risk of falls. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of aging on the static balance in women from 50-years to 89-years of age. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study, with 400 irregularly active women were evaluated and grouped by age: Group 6th decade (age 50 to 59) ‒ 58 participants; Group 7th decade (age 60 to 69) ‒ 214 participants; Group 8th decade (age 70 to 79) ‒ 92 participants; Group 9th decade (age 80 to 89) ‒ 36 participants. Postural balance was evaluated using a portable force platform in a standard standing position, with Eyes Open (EO) and Eyes Closed (EC). RESULTS: In the two measurement conditions, the elderly women in Group 9th decade presented mediolateral displacement and range, and mean velocity greater than the women's values in Groups 6th and 7th decade. In the EO e EC situation, the displacement was higher in the elderly Group 9th decade compared to younger groups. Group 8th has a mean velocity greater than Group 6th decade in the EO situation. CONCLUSIONS: Posturography showed a decline in postural balance with advancing age, suggesting that the 9th decade of life is a borderline age to this detriment due to an increase in postural instability.

Changes in postural balance associated with a woman's aging process

Abstract Context Aging causes a progressive worsening in postural balance, affecting functional independence and increasing the risk of falls. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of aging on the static balance in women from 50-years to 89-years of age. Design This was a cross-sectional study, with 400 irregularly active women were evaluated and grouped by age: Group 6thdecade (age 50 to 59) ‒ 58 participants; Group 7thdecade (age 60 to 69) ‒ 214 participants; Group 8thdecade (age 70 to 79) ‒ 92 participants; Group 9thdecade (age 80 to 89) ‒ 36 participants. Postural balance was evaluated using a portable force platform in a standard standing position, with Eyes Open (EO) and Eyes Closed (EC). Results In the two measurement conditions, the elderly women in Group 9thdecade presented mediolateral displacement and range, and mean velocity greater than the women's values in Groups 6thand 7thdecade. In the EO e EC situation, the displacement was higher in the elderly Group 9thdecade compared to younger groups. Group 8thhas a mean velocity greater than Group 6thdecade in the EO situation. Conclusions Posturography showed a decline in postural balance with advancing age, suggesting that the 9thdecade of life is a borderline age to this detriment due to an increase in postural instability.

Which factors can influence the number of forced expiratory manoeuvres on spirometry in schoolchildren?

INTRODUCTION: Spirometry is of great value for understanding respiratory function and management of lung diseases. Adaptations in the exam were made to meet paediatric population since the forced expiratory manoeuvres (FEM) present in the exam require effort and cooperation; therefore, its use should be reconsidered. OBJECTIVE: To analyse factors that may influence the number of FEM required for successful spirometry in schoolchildren. METHOD: Healthy children aged between 6 and 12 years were tested. FEM were conducted according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guideline. The children were divided into three groups according to the number of attempts: G3M if child completed the test in three FEM; G4M if child completed in four attempts FEM; and G5/8M if child completed the test in five to eight FEM. Factors that potentially influenced the number of FEM included: age; impulse oscillometry parameters; slow vital capacity; respiratory muscle strength; orofacial motor function, school performance, physical activity level and quality of life. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, followed by the Chi-Square, repeated measures ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests; thereafter, a multinomial logistic regression was applied. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine schoolchildren (80 girls) with mean age of 9.13 years (±1.98) were included, age was related to the required number of FEM (F = 3.38(2), P = .03) and children with poor school performance had a 2.84-fold greater chance of completing the exam in more than five attempts. CONCLUSION: Age and school performance influenced the number of FEM required for a successful spirometry in schoolchildren.

Força muscular respiratória e qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Fuerza muscular respiratoria y calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística / Respiratory muscle strength and quality of life in children and adolescent with cystic fibrosis

RESUMO A fibrose cística (FC) é uma doença genética multissistêmica caracterizada por obstrução crônica que, associada a outras alterações pulmonares, pode comprometer a força muscular respiratória (FMR) e, em consequência, interferir no desempenho de atividades típicas da infância, alterando a qualidade de vida (QV) dessa população. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a relação entre FMR e QV de crianças e adolesceantes com FC. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, que incluiu pacientes com idades entre 6 e 14 anos, provenientes de um centro de referência no Brasil. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica e da FMR, esta utilizando as pressões inspiratória (PImáx) e expiratória máximas (PEmáx) por meio da manovacuômetria digital (Globalmed® MVD300). Aplicou-se o Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (QFC), questionário específico para a avaliar a QV nessa doença, nas versões para crianças (QFC-C) e para os pais ou responsáveis (QFC-R). A gravidade da doença foi classificada segundo o escore de Schwachman Doeurshuk (ESD). Dados sobre a colonização de bactérias e o genótipo da doença foram consultados por meio da análise dos prontuários. Analisou-se os dados por meio do software SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. Após o teste Shapiro-Wilk, aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman. Em toda a análise foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Participaram do estudo 28 crianças (15 meninos) com média de idade de 10,10±1,79 anos, as quais apresentaram FMR próxima ao predito e pontuações do QFC indicando boa QV. O ESD relacionou-se negativamente com domínio digestivo (p=0,03; rho=-0,400). A PEmáx apresentou correlação negativa com domínio corpo do QFC-R (p=0,002; rho=-0,426) e com domínio tratamento do QFC-C (p=0,01; rho=-0,453). A PImáx apresentou correlação positiva com os domínios físico (p=0,03; rho=0,410), emocional (p=≤0,001; rho=0,573) e tratamento (p=≤0,01; rho=-0,605) do QFC-C. A PImáx também mostrou correlação positiva com o domínio respiratório (p=0,01; rho=0,572) do QFC-R. Em conclusão, identificou-se associação entre domínios da QV e FMR, bem como com o ESD e aspectos nutricionais. Essa amostra apresentou valores de FMR acima do esperado e boa QV.

RESUMEN La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad genética multisistémica caracterizada por una obstrucción crónica que, asociada a otras alteraciones pulmonares, puede comprometer la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios (FMR), lo que en consecuencia interfiere en el desempeño de las actividades típicas de la infancia alterando la calidad de vida (CV) de esta población. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la FMR y la CV de niños y adolescentes con FQ. Este es un estudio transversal, en el cual participaron pacientes de entre 6 y 14 años de un centro de referencia en Brasil. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de FMR, para esta se utilizó presión inspiratoria máxima (PImáx.) y presión espiratoria máxima (PEmáx.) mediante manovacuometría digital (Globalmed MVD300). Se aplicó el Cuestionario de fibrosis quística (CFC) específico para evaluar la CV en esta enfermedad, en versiones para niños (CFC-N) y para padres o tutores (CFC-T). La clasificación de la gravedad de la enfermedad siguió el puntaje de Schwachman Doeurshuk (ESD). Se consultaron datos sobre la colonización bacteriana y el genotipo de la enfermedad mediante el análisis de historias clínicas. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el software SPSS versión 20.0 para Windows. Tras la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Pearson o Spearman. El nivel de significancia que se adoptó fue del 5%. En el estudio participaron 28 niños (15 varones), con promedio de edad de 10,10±1,79 años, que presentaron puntuaciones de FMR cerca al predicho y el puntaje de CFC que indicaba una buena CV. El ESD se relacionó negativamente con el dominio digestivo (p=0,03; rho=-0,400). La PEmáx. presentó una correlación negativa con el dominio cuerpo de CFC-T (p=0,002; rho=-0,426) y con el dominio de tratamiento de CFC-N (p=0,01; rho=-0,453). La PImáx. mostró una correlación positiva con los dominios físico (p=0,03; rho=0,410), emocional (p=≤0,001; rho=0,573) y tratamiento (p=≤0,01; rho=-0,605) del CFC-N. La PImáx. también presentó una correlación positiva con el dominio respiratorio (p=0,01; rho=0,572) del CFC-T. En conclusión, se identificó una asociación entre los dominios CV y FMR, así como el ESD y los aspectos nutricionales. Esta muestra presentó valores de FMR superiores a los esperados y una buena CV.

ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic genetic disease characterized by chronic obstruction that, associated with other pulmonary changes, can compromise respiratory muscle strength (RMS) and, consequently, interfere with the performance of typical childhood activities, changing the quality of life(QOL) of this population. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between RMS and QOL of children and adolescents with CF. This is a cross-sectional study, which included patients without acute pulmonary exacerbation, aged between 6 and 14 years, from a reference center in Brazil. Anthropometric and RMS assessments were performed, using maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures using digital manovacuometry (Globalmed® MVD300). The Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire was applied, a specific questionnaire to assess QOL in this disease, in versions for children (QOL-C) and for parents or guardians (QOL-P). The severity of the disease was classified according to the Schwachman Doeurshuk score (ESD). Data on colonization and genotype were consulted through the analysis of medical records. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 for Windows software. After the Shapiro-Wilkt test, Pearson's or Spearman's correlation test was applied. Throughout the analysis, a significance level of 5% was adopted. Twenty-eight children (15 boys) participated in the study, with a mean age of 10.10 ± 1.79 years, who had a near-predicted RMS and QOL scores indicating good QOL. The ESD was negatively related to the digestive domain (p=0.03; rho=-0.400). MEP showed a negative correlation with the QOL-P body domain (p=0.002; rho=-0.426) and with the QOL-C treatment domain (p=0.01; rho=-0.453). MIP showed a positive correlation with the physical (p=0.03; rho=0.410), emotional (p=≤0.001; rho=0.573) and treatment (p=≤0.01; rho=-0.605) domains of the QOL-C. MIP also showed a positive correlation with the respiratory domain (p=0.01; rho=0.572) of the QOL-P. In conclusion, an association was identified between QOL and RMS domains, as well as with ESD and nutritional aspects. This sample showed higher than expected RMS values and good QOL.

Reference Equations for the ADL-Glittre Test in Pediatric Subjects.

BACKGROUND: The ADL-Glittre test (TGlittre) was initially proposed to evaluate the activities of daily life (ADL) of adults with COPD that involve activities with the upper limbs in addition to walking. Recently, the test has been adapted for children (TGlittre-P), but no reference values have been proposed for its use in this population. The main objective of this study was to develop reference equations for the pediatric adaptation of the TGlittre. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out over a period of 19 months. Children 6-14 y old participated in the study. The study was rigorously controlled based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and on normal spirometry. Study subjects were evaluated for their biometric data (ie, weight, height, body mass index, body surface area, and length of the lower limbs) and spirometric data. Subjects then performed 2 TGlittre-P tests with an interval of 30 min between them. Statistical analysis included a Pearson correlation test to verify a correlation between time spent on the TGlittre-P and biometric variables such as gender and age. Subsequently, a multiple regression analysis was conducted for those variables. The level of signficance was set at a P of 0.05. RESULTS: Eighty-seven children (44 girls) participated in the study. Age was the predictive variable with the greatest influence on the time spent on the TGlittre-P (male: adjusted R2 = 39.6%; female: adjusted R2 = 25.2%). The following equations were established: time spent on the TGlittre-P = 3.781 - 0.083 × age (female), and time spent on the TGlittre-P = 4.025 - 0.123 × age (male). CONCLUSIONS: TGlittre-P reference equations were developed for females and males, with age being the most influential predictive variable in the test performed by children.

The validity and reliability of the ADL-Glittre test for children.

Objective: The ADL-Glittre was created to assess more comprehensively the essential activities of daily living in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to validate the ADL-Glittre test adapted for children (TGlittre-P) and verify its reliability. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 87 healthy children aged 6 to 14 years (mean 10.36 ± 2.32 years). Biometric and spirometry data were collected from all participants. On the same day, part of the sample (36 children included in the validation process) performed two 6MWT and two TGlittre-P (30-minute interval between them). The other part of the sample just performed two TGlittre-P for the reliability process. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests were used to verify the correlation between the time spent on the TGlittre-P and the distance walked in the 6MWT. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was also used to assess the reproducibility of the TGlittre-P. Results: The TGlittre-P showed a moderate negative correlation with the 6MWT (r = -0.490; p = 0.002; 95%CI -0.712 to -0.233). However, the behavior of the physiological variables that were monitored during the tests was similar and showed to be reproducible (ICC = 0.843; p = 0.000; 95%CI 0.695 to 0.911). Conclusion: The TGlittre-P proved to be a valid and reliable assessment of the functional capacity of healthy children aged 6 to 14 years.

Relationship between oral habits and spirometry maneuvers, in children / Relação entre hábitos orais da infância e manobras espirométricas

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze whether deleterious oral habits can influence the number of attempts of forced spirometry maneuvers performed by healthy children. Methods: this observational and cross-sectional analytical study included 149 healthy children aged 6-12 years attending public and private schools in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. A validated protocol was applied for the analysis of deleterious oral habits. The children were grouped according to the number of spirometry maneuvers needed to achieve successful spirometry results, as follows: G1) children who needed 3 maneuvers; G2) 4 maneuvers; G3) 5-8 maneuvers. Data were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare quantitative variables between the groups. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the groups and qualitative variables. Results: there was no association between the number of attempts and the qualitative variables evaluated by the protocol. There was also no difference between the groups regarding quantitative variables for breastfeeding time, breastfeeding occurrence, use of pacifiers, and thumb sucking. Conclusion: the presence of DOH did not influence the number of forced spirometry maneuvers, performed by the healthy children in this study.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar se hábitos orais deletérios influenciam no número de tentativas de manobras espirométricas executadas por crianças saudáveis. Métodos: pesquisa analítica observacional e transversal, incluiu 149 crianças saudáveis entre 6 e 12 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares de Florianópolis- SC/Brasil. Foi aplicado um protocolo validado para a análise de hábitos orais deletérios. As crianças foram agrupadas de acordo com o número de manobras espirométricas necessárias para realizar o exame: G1) crianças que realizaram as manobras forçadas em 3 tentativas; G2) em 4 tentativas e G3) 5 a 8 tentativas. Para análise de dados verificou-se a distribuição dos dados por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e aplicou-se Kruskal-Wallis para comparar o comportamento das variáveis quantitativas entre os grupos. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliação da associação entre os grupos e as variáveis qualitativas. Resultados: não houve associação entre a quantidade de tentativas e as variáveis qualitativas avaliadas pelo protocolo. Também não foi encontrada diferença entre os grupos com relação às variáveis quantitativas tempo de amamentação, ocorrência de aleitamento materno, uso de chupeta e sucção de dedo. Conclusão: a presença de HOD não influenciou o número de tentativas de manobras espirométricas forçadas, executadas por crianças saudáveis.

Reference Equations for Impulse Oscillometry System Parameters in Healthy Brazilian Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The impulse oscillometry system is a noninvasive method of evaluating respiratory mechanics that is being increasingly used in the pediatric population. To date, no reference equations have been developed for healthy Brazilian children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to determine the reference equations for impulse oscillometry system parameters in healthy children and adolescents. METHODS: We undertook an observational cross-sectional analytical study with healthy students age 6-14 y from educational institutions in the Greater Florianópolis area. Biometric data were evaluated (weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area) as predictors and for sample characterization. All participants were submitted to evaluation of respiratory mechanics using an oscillometry system following American Thoracic Society standards. Three tests were recorded, with data acquisition for ≥20 s. For data normality verification, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied, and Pearson's correlation test identified the relationship between the predicted values of height, age, and weight and the oscillometric variables of resistance at 5 and 20 Hz reactance; respiratory impedance at 5 Hz resonant frequency; and reactance area. Models were developed using simple linear regression and multiple analyses. RESULTS: After the recruitment of 864 children, 123 subjects with an average age of 10.0 ± 2.4 y for boys and 9.9 ± 2.4 y for girls (P = .94) were considered for final analysis. Correlations were identified between the dependent and predictor oscillometric variables, with height identified as having the greatest predictive power in the equations developed for boys in all oscillometric parameters, with a mean adjusted R(2) of 46.51%. Age had greater influence on resonant frequency (adjusted R(2) = 40.1%) and reactance area (adjusted R(2) = 48.8%) for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Reference equations were developed for males and females, and height was the most influential predictor variable for most impulse oscillometry system parameters in the population studied.

Interlimb coordination and academic performance in elementary school children.

BACKGROUND: The specific mechanisms linking motor ability and cognitive performance, especially academic achievement, are still unclear. Whereas the literature provides an abundance of information on fine and visual-motor skill and cognitive attributes, much less has been reported on gross motor ability. This study examined interlimb coordination and its relationship to academic performance in children aged 8-11 years. METHODS: Motor and academic skills were examined in 100 Brazilian children using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Academic Performance Test. Participants were grouped into low (<25%) and high (>75%) academic achievers. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between groups for Total Motor Composite (P < 0.001) favoring the high group. On regression analysis there was a significant association between academic performance and Body Coordination. Of the subtests of Body Coordination (Bilateral Coordination and Balance), Bilateral Coordination accounted for the highest impact on academic performance. Of interest here, that subtest consists primarily of gross motor tasks involving interlimb coordination. CONCLUSION: Overall, there was a positive relationship between motor behavior, in particular activities involving interlimb coordination, and academic performance. Application of these findings in the area of early assessment may be useful in the identification of later academic problems.

Childhood and adolescent obesity: how many extra calories are responsible for excess of weight?

OBJECTIVE: To review the main articles on energy imbalance and obesity in order to quantify the daily energy surplus associated with weight gain in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES: Articles published in the last ten years, indexed in electronic databases Medline (Pubmed) and SciELO-Br. In the Medline database, the descriptor "energy gap" was used and describes the energy values ​​associated with changes in body weight in individuals or populations. In SciELO-Br database, the descriptors "obesity", "energy metabolism", "energy balance", and "energy imbalance" were used, once it was not possible to find national articles discussing the energy gap. DATA SYNTHESIS: In the pediatric population, four studies were performed and indicate that children and adolescents are gradually gaining weight due to a small, but persistent, daily positive energy balance of 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The results suggest that small changes in daily eating behavior as well as physical activity would be enough to prevent future weight gain in this population. CONCLUSIONS: gradual weight gain can be explained by small daily average of positive energy balance, from 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The incentive to small changes in eating behavior and physical activities that promotes daily reduction of 160kcal can be an accessible practice in order to block weight gain in this population.

Static and dynamic postural control in low-vision and normal-vision adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of reduced visual information on postural control by comparing low-vision and normal-vision adults in static and dynamic conditions. METHODS: Twenty-five low-vision subjects and twenty-five normal sighted adults were evaluated for static and dynamic balance using four protocols: 1) the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance on firm and foam surfaces with eyes opened and closed; 2) Unilateral Stance with eyes opened and closed; 3) Tandem Walk; and 4) Step Up/Over. RESULTS: The results showed that the low-vision group presented greater body sway compared with the normal vision during balance on a foam surface (p≤0.001), the Unilateral Stance test for both limbs (p≤0.001), and the Tandem Walk test. The low-vision group showed greater step width (p≤0.001) and slower gait speed (p≤0.004). In the Step Up/Over task, low-vision participants were more cautious in stepping up (right p≤0.005 and left p≤0.009) and in executing the movement (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual feedback is crucial for determining balance, especially for dynamic tasks and on foam surfaces. Low-vision individuals had worse postural stability than normal-vision adults in terms of dynamic tests and balance on foam surfaces.

Obesidade na criança e no adolescente: quantas calorias a mais são responsáveis pelo excedente de peso? / Childhood and adolescent obesity: how many extra calories are responsible for excess of weight? / Obesidad en el niño y en el adolescente: ¿cuántas calorías de más son responsables por el exceso de peso?

OBJETIVO: Revisar os principais artigos referentes ao tema desequilíbrio energético e obesidade, a fim de quantificar o excedente energético diário associado ao ganho de peso em crianças e adolescentes. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos, indexados nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medline (Pubmed) e SciELO-Br. Na base de dados Medline, utilizou-se o descritor "energy gap", termo que descreve os valores energéticos associados às modificações no peso corporal em indivíduos ou populações. Na base de dados SciELO-Br, utilizaram-se os descritores "obesidade", "metabolismo energético", "balanço energético" e "desequilíbrio energético", devido ao fato de não terem sido encontrados artigos nacionais que discutissem o assunto "energy gap". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Na população infantil, quatro estudos foram realizados e indicam que crianças e adolescentes estão gradualmente ganhando peso devido a um pequeno, mas persistente, balanço energético positivo diário, 70 a 160kcal acima do total calórico adequado para o crescimento. Os valores encontrados sugerem que pequenas modificações nos hábitos diários de alimentação e de atividade física seriam suficientes para evitar futuros ganhos de peso nessa população. CONCLUSÕES: O ganho gradual de peso pode ser explicado por pequena média diária de balanço energético positivo, de 70 a 160kcal acima do total calórico adequado para o crescimento. O incentivo às pequenas modificações nos hábitos alimentares e de atividades físicas que promovam a redução de 160kcal diárias pode ser uma prática acessível, a fim de barrar o ganho de peso nessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To review the main articles on energy imbalance and obesity in order to quantify the daily energy surplus associated with weight gain in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES: Articles published in the last ten years, indexed in electronic databases Medline (Pubmed) and SciELO-Br. In the Medline database, the descriptor "energy gap" was used and describes the energy values ​​associated with changes in body weight in individuals or populations. In SciELO-Br database, the descriptors "obesity", "energy metabolism", "energy balance", and "energy imbalance" were used, once it was not possible to find national articles discussing the energy gap. DATA SYNTHESIS: In the pediatric population, four studies were performed and indicate that children and adolescents are gradually gaining weight due to a small, but persistent, daily positive energy balance of 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The results suggest that small changes in daily eating behavior as well as physical activity would be enough to prevent future weight gain in this population. CONCLUSIONS: gradual weight gain can be explained by small daily average of positive energy balance, from 70 to 160kcal above the total energy suitable for growth. The incentive to small changes in eating behavior and physical activities that promotes daily reduction of 160kcal can be an accessible practice in order to block weight gain in this population.

OBJETIVO: Revisar los principales artículos referentes al tema desequilibrio energético y obesidad, a fin de cuantificar el excedente energético diario asociado a la ganancia de peso en niños y adolescentes. FUENTES DE DATOS: Revisión de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años, indexados en las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE (Pubmed) y SciELO-BR. En la base de datos MEDLINE se utilizó el descriptor energy gap, término que describe los valores energéticos asociados a las modificaciones en el peso corporal en individuos o en poblaciones. En la base de datos SciELO-BR se utilizaron los descriptores obesidad, metabolismo energético, balance energético y desequilibrio energético, debido a no haberse encontrado artículos nacionales que discutieran el tema energy gap. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: En la población infantil, cuatro estudios fueron realizados e indican que niños y adolescentes están gradualmente ganando peso debido a un pequeño pero persistente balance energético positivo diario, 70 a 160kcal por encima del total calórico adecuado para el crecimiento. Los valores encontrados sugieren que pequeñas modificaciones en los hábitos diarios de alimentación y de actividad física serían suficientes para evitar futuras ganancias de peso en esta población. CONCLUSIÓN: La ganancia gradual de peso puede explicarse por pequeño promedio diario de balance energético positivo, de 70 a 160kcal por encima del total calórico adecuado para el crecimiento. El incentivo a las pequeñas modificaciones en los hábitos alimentares y de actividades físicas que promuevan la reducción de 160kcal diarias puede ser una práctica accesible a fin de parar la ganancia de peso en esta población.

Tratamento para deformidades nos pés em crianças com paralisia cerebral - revisão de literatura / Treatment for feet deformities in children with cerebral palsy - a literature review

Introdução: Crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC) frequentemente exibem desordens posturais e de movimentos, caracterizadas por distúrbios não progressivos que ocorreram no cérebro durante o período fetal ou infantil. Tais alterações podem gerar contraturas fixas e deformidades, principalmente em pés e tornozelos, influenciado na qualidade dos movimentos e na marcha. A prevenção e a correção destas alterações com técnicas conservadoras e cirúrgicas são utilizadas visando o alinhamento e a funcionalidade articular. Objetivo: Verificar as estratégias de tratamento para as deformidades em pés de crianças com paralisia cerebral. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura de artigos publicados de 2000 a 2012 nas bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs, SciELO e Bireme; os unitermos utilizados foram paralisia cerebral e pé associado a deformidades do pé, deformidades adquiridas do pé, deformidades congênitas do pé, reabilitação, procedimentos cirúrgicos operatórios, toxinas botulínicas tipo A, bem como as correspondentes em inglês. Conclusão: A abordagem fisioterapêutica, o uso de órteses, a aplicação de TBA ou cirurgias têm obtido resultados satisfatórios, mostrando-se como técnicas amplamente utilizadas no tratamento de crianças com PC. Deve-se salientar que a utilização de técnicas concomitantes pode potencializar os resultados...

Static and dynamic postural control in low-vision and normal-vision adults

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of reduced visual information on postural control by comparing low-vision and normal-vision adults in static and dynamic conditions. METHODS: Twenty-five low-vision subjects and twenty-five normal sighted adults were evaluated for static and dynamic balance using four protocols: 1) the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance on firm and foam surfaces with eyes opened and closed; 2) Unilateral Stance with eyes opened and closed; 3) Tandem Walk; and 4) Step Up/Over. RESULTS: The results showed that the low-vision group presented greater body sway compared with the normal vision during balance on a foam surface (p≤0.001), the Unilateral Stance test for both limbs (p≤0.001), and the Tandem Walk test. The low-vision group showed greater step width (p≤0.001) and slower gait speed (p≤0.004). In the Step Up/Over task, low-vision participants were more cautious in stepping up (right p≤0.005 and left p≤0.009) and in executing the movement (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual feedback is crucial for determining balance, especially for dynamic tasks and on foam surfaces. Low-vision individuals had worse postural stability than normal-vision adults in terms of dynamic tests and balance on foam surfaces. .

Quality of life and sleep in obese adolescents / Qualidade de vida e do sono de adolescentes obesos

Obesity and sleep disorders in adolescence are strongly associated, and they impact both on the health and on quality of life (QL) in this age group. OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess QL and sleep in obese and eutrophic adolescents, who are older than ten years of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including obese adolescents. This analysis was carried out between August 2009 and August 2010. The Control (eutrophic) Group comprised schoolchildren recruited from State schools in the city of Americana, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Instruments applied included a standardized questionnaire, the Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), and the Pediatric QL Inventory (PedsQL TM 4.0). RESULTS: The obese adolescents had poorer QL on physical (p<0.001), emotional (p=0.03), and social (p=0.002) functioning domains. A difference in mean psychosocial functioning was found between the groups (p=0.009) with obese subjects having a mean score of 69.5 (±16.0) and in eutrophic individuals of 76.2 (±16.7). A greater number of sleep problems was evident in the Obese Group (p=0.03). Conclusions: The obese adolescents had an impaired QL and a higher frequency of sleep problems compared to the eutrophic subjects.

Obesidade e distúrbios do sono na adolescência estão amplamente associados, afetando a saúde e a qualidade de vida (QV) de tal grupo etário. OBJETIVO: Foi avaliar comparando a QV e o sono em adolescentes obesos e eutróficos maiores de dez anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre agosto de 2009 e agosto de 2010, com adolescentes obesos. O Grupo Controle (eutróficos) foi constituído por estudantes da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Americana, em São Paulo. Foram utilizados ficha de identificação, Questionário do Comportamento do Sono (SBQ), Questionário de QV (PedsQL TM 4.0) como instrumentos. RESULTADOS: Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram QV inferior à dos controles nos domínios físico (p<0,001), emocional (p=0,03) e social (p=0,002). Houve diferença em relação à avaliação psicossocial entre obesos e eutróficos (médias de 69,5±16,0 e 76,2±16,7, respectivamente). O grupo de adolescentes obesos apresentou maior quantidade de distúrbios do sono (p=0,03). Conclusões: Adolescentes obesos apresentaram prejuízo na QV e maior quantidade de distúrbios do sono comparados aos indivíduos eutróficos.

Quality of life and sleep in obese adolescents.

UNLABELLED: Obesity and sleep disorders in adolescence are strongly associated, and they impact both on the health and on quality of life (QL) in this age group. OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess QL and sleep in obese and eutrophic adolescents, who are older than ten years of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including obese adolescents. This analysis was carried out between August 2009 and August 2010. The Control (eutrophic) Group comprised schoolchildren recruited from State schools in the city of Americana, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Instruments applied included a standardized questionnaire, the Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), and the Pediatric QL Inventory (PedsQL TM 4.0). RESULTS: The obese adolescents had poorer QL on physical (p<0.001), emotional (p=0.03), and social (p=0.002) functioning domains. A difference in mean psychosocial functioning was found between the groups (p=0.009) with obese subjects having a mean score of 69.5 (±16.0) and in eutrophic individuals of 76.2 (±16.7). A greater number of sleep problems was evident in the Obese Group (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The obese adolescents had an impaired QL and a higher frequency of sleep problems compared to the eutrophic subjects.

The ability to mentally represent action is associated with low motor ability in children: a preliminary investigation.

BACKGROUND: Theory and anatomical research suggest that the ability to mentally represent intended actions affect level of execution. This study presents preliminary data examining the association between children's ability to mentally represent action and general motor ability. METHODS: Children aged 7- to 10 years were assessed for motor imagery ability using a simulation of reach task and motor ability via the Movement ABC-2. Motor ability values, based on percentile rank, ranged from 2 to 91, with a mean of 36. RESULTS: The overall correlation between mental representation and motor ability yielded a moderately positive relationship (r = .39). Interestingly, when looking at motor ability subcategories, only Balance was significant in the model, explaining 20% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide preliminary evidence that children's motor ability and the ability to mentally represent action are associated in a positive direction. Furthermore, given the results for Balance, we speculate that there are clinical implications regarding work with potentially at-risk children.

Perfil das crianças submetidas à correção de cardiopatia congênita e análise das complicações respiratórias / Profile of children undergoing congenital heart surgery and analysis of their respiratory complications / Perfil de los niños sometidos a la corrección de cardiopatía congénita y análisis de las complicaciones respiratorias

Descrever as características demográficas e clínicas de crianças submetidas à cirurgia de correção de cardiopatia congênita (CC) em um hospital universitário, comparando pacientes com e sem complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado por meio de consulta de prontuários de crianças submetidas à cirurgia corretiva de CC em hospital universitário brasileiro no período de novembro de 2006 a setembro de 2007. Foram analisados dados relativos a idade, sexo, peso, comorbidades e tipo de CC das crianças incluídas no estudo, comparando pacientes com e sem complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório. Foram utilizados o teste de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, considerando-se significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 55 (95 por cento) prontuários disponíveis de crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca com mediana de idade de 37,5 meses, sendo 49 por cento meninos. Presença de três ou mais CC foi verificada em 29,1 por cento dos pacientes e 53 por cento dos casos apresentavam comorbidades. Quanto às complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório, 31 por cento dos pacientes evoluíram com atelectasia/derrame pleural e 5,5 por cento laringite/pneumomediastino/lesão pulmonar. Complicações em outros sistemas foram identificadas em 24 por cento dos pacientes. A sobrevida foi de 89 por cento e crianças com complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório foram submetidas a maior tempo de ventilação mecânica e permanência hospitalar (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento da relação entre complicações respiratórias e maior tempo de ventilação mecânica e hospitalização reforça a necessidade de prevenir tais complicações para redução dos custos hospitalares.

To describe the profile of children that undergo surgical correction of congenital heart disease (CHD) in a university hospital and to compare patients with and without postoperative respiratory complications. METHOD: This observational analytical study reviewed the records of children that underwent corrective surgery for CHD a Brazilian University Hospital during 11 months. The following demographic variables were collected: age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and CHD types. Demographic variables and data about the intra- and postoperative care were compared for patients with and without postoperative respiratory complications. The Mann-Whitney and the Fisher exact tests were used, and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 55 children (49 percent boys) whose median age was 37.5 months. Three or more CHD were found in 29.1 percent, and 53 percent of all cases had comorbidities. The analysis of postoperative respiratory complications revealed that 31 percent of the patients had atelectasis and pleural effusion and 5.5 percent had laryngitis, pneumomediastinum or lung injury. Non-respiratory complications were identified in 24 percent of the patients. Survival was 89 percent. Children with postoperative respiratory complications received mechanical ventilation for a longer time and had a prolonged hospital stay (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The association between respiratory complications, longer mechanical ventilation and longer hospital stay reinforced the need to avoid such complications to reduce costs of a prolonged hospital stay.

Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de niños sometidos a la cirugía de corrección de cardiopatía congénita (CC) en un hospital universitario, comparando pacientes con y sin complicaciones respiratorias en el post-operatorio. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, realizado por medio de consulta de prontuarios de niños sometidos a la cirugía correctiva de CC, en el Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), en el periodo de noviembre de 2006 a septiembre de 2007. Se analizaron datos relativos a la edad, sexo, peso, comorbidades y tipo de CC de los niños incluidos en el estudio, comparando pacientes con y sin complicaciones respiratorias en el post-operatorio. Se utilizaron el test de Mann-Whitney y el exacto de Fisher, considerándose significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 55 (95 por ciento) prontuarios disponibles de niños sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca con mediana de edad de 37,5 meses, siendo el 49 por ciento muchachos. Presencia de tres o más CC fue verificada en el 29,1 por ciento de los pacientes y el 53 por ciento de los casos presentaban comorbidades. Respecto a las complicaciones respiratorias en el post-operatorio, el 31 por ciento de los pacientes evolucionaron con atelectasia/derrame pleural y el 5,5 por ciento laringitis/pneumomediastino/lesión pulmonar. Otros tipos de complicaciones fueron identificadas en el 24 por ciento de los pacientes. La sobrevida fue del 89 por ciento y niños con complicaciones respiratorias en el post-operatorio fueron sometidos a mayor tiempo de ventilación mecánica y permanencia hospitalaria (p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de la relación entre complicaciones respiratorias y mayor tiempo de ventilación mecánica y hospitalización refuerzan la necesidad de prevenir tales complicaciones para reducción de los costos hospitalarios.