[Clinical and morphological changes in the hoof sole of large ruminants with inflammatory diseases]. / Klinichni i morfologichni promeni v stupalnia zhivets na edri prezhivni zhivotni pri niakoi vuzpalitelni zaboliavaniia.

Clinical, morphological, and histomorphological investigations were carried out of the changes taking place in the solar matrix in some more common diseases in cows raised in the conditions on the enlarged farms of industrial cattle breeding. With the traumatic aseptic inflammations of the solar matrix the nova and its effect predetermine histologically the various degrees of changes, consisting in circulation disturbances, oedema of the connective tissue, disintegration of the connective tissue bundles, divergence of the collagen fibres, mucinous dystrophy, fibrinoid-necrotic foci, and heterophilic infiltration around the blood vessels and in their wall (arteriitis and periarteriitis). In suppurative inflammations of the solar matrix the process assumes diffuse character with strongly manifested leukocytic infiltration, with the development of dystrophic necrobiotic processes. As a result of these partially or more widely expressed separation (exungulatio) of the solar horn tissue from the matrix sets in. In the initial stage of the traumatic sole ulcer are observed the signs described for an aseptic inflammation. Later on the processes assume a more strongly manifested course, involving the matrix with atrophy and necrosis, separation of the hoof horn from the matrix. With the secondary complication with pathogenic organisms the signs of purulent and necrotic inflammation are seen, resulting in an ulcus defect.

[Effect of laser acupuncture and irradiation of the cervix uteri in cows on cardiac activity and morphological composition of the blood]. / Vliianie na lazerna akupunktura i obluchvane na tserviksa na matkata pri kravi vurkhu surdechna deinost i morfologichniia sustav na kruvta.

Tested is the action of helium-neon laser for acupuncture with capacity 7mV and diameter of the ray 2 mm in cows during the puerperal period. Laser acupuncture (LA) is applied on 6 cows by radiation of two main acupuncture points 49 and 50 for 2 min and additional--27, 28 and 29, radiated for 1 min each of them. Second group is locally radiated in area of the cervix of the uterus (LRCU) for 6 min. The radiation is done a day for 5 days. From the radiotelemetric research of the cardiac activity is established decreasing of the cardiac frequency and increasing of the interval R-R, the amplitude of peak--P and the duration of wave--T in both of the groups, and prolongation of the segments P-Q, S-T, T-P and the interval Q-P in cows with LRCU. There are not registered changes in the shape of the peaks of the EKG-telemetry, with the exception of the wave-T. Haematological research shows decreasing of the content of the haemoglobin in both of the groups and decreasing of the content of the erythrocytes in cows with LRCU, and increasing of C.U.E. after the second radiation. In the content of the blood sugar, the haematic values and the leukocyte formula are not observed mathematically reliable changes.

[Changes in the T-wave configuration in the ECG telemetry of cows]. / Promeni v konfiguratsiiata na T-vulnata pri EKG-telemetriia na kravi.

Radiotelemetric and biochemical investigations were carried out with a total of 40 freshly calved cows, divided into two groups in dependence on the form of the T wave of ECG. It was found that the biphase T wave spoke of the individual capacity of the body; it was retained only during the first months of the lactation period, and later on changed into a negative T wave. The configuration of the T wave was not essentially affected by the blood serum levels of total protein, blood sugar, LDH, AcAT, AlAT, Ca, P, and Mg. In the study of the alkaline-acid state dependable differences were established with the gas exchange of oxygen as measured by the indices pO2, SAT, and O2CT which were shown to be higher in cows with a biphase T wave. The registration of a positive branch of the biphase T wave was associated with the enhancement of excitation of the right chamber and the registration of its vector. In normal conditions the latter was not demonstrated by the dominating biopotentials of the left chamber.

[Incidence of hoof diseases in cows raised using new technologies]. / Razprostranenie na kopitnite zaboliavaniia pri kravite, otglezhdani pri novi tekhnologii.

Investigations were carried out on three farms in the Republic of Cuba with 942 cows (Holstein-Zebu crosses) as well as on the Agro-Industrial Complexes in the Stara Zagora and Sliven districts of the People's Republic of Bulgaria with a total of 19,065 cows of the Black-and-white and the Brown Bulgarian breed under various conditions of raising technologies. The work study aimed at establishing the percent of the so-called 'barn hooves' associated with the clinical forms of some diseases. It was found that the percent of deformed hooves was 5-6 with cows that had daily exercise movements, up to 10-with cows having limited movements, and up to 51 and more-with animals deprived of movement. Almost all cows that had deformed hooves as the result of the barn regime of raising showed injuries of the sole and pulvinar matrix and, commonly, of the entire hooves, up to 37 percent of them manifesting a definite clinical form of a disease.

[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on biochemical indices in the blood serum of calves]. / Vliianie na obluchenoto s ultravioletovi luchi mliako vurkhu niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli v kruvniia serum na teleta.

Studies were carried out to establish the effect of ultraviolet in vitro treatment of milk, using special device, on the state and changes of some biologic indices of blood in calves in feeding them with milk within the age interval of 10 to 70 days. The irradiated milk was found to have a favourable effect on the physiologic state of calves, their development, and daily weight gain. Useful changes took place also with regard to the albumin-globulin ratio index which consisted in the rise of the gamma-globulin fractions to the detriment of alfa-globulins. The content of vitamin D was enhanced and made more stable in the serum over the entire experimental period.

[Necrosis of the tail in buffaloes]. / Nekroza na opashkata pri bivoli.

Clinical, microbiological, and biochemical indices and X-ray examination revealed that disturbed metabolism and the development of dystrophic processes in the derma and epidermis and the last tail vertebrae were to be incriminated as predisposing factors contributing to tail necrosis. There were fissures in the epidermis, thickening of its layers, and hyperkeratosis with necrotic suppuration of the surface and deposition of detritus. After microbial contamination necrosis of the distal portion of the tail set in.

[Economic losses from hoof diseases in cows]. / Ikonomicheski zagubi ot kopitnite zaboliavaniia pri kravite.

Investigations were carried out under productional conditions with a total of 100 high-producing cows in lactation to disclose the effect of diseased hooves or hooves that had not been taken care of over the period in the stable as well as the effect of hoof trimming and treatment on the daily and monthly milk yield and the total losses associated with deformations and diseases in 20,980 cows. It was found that 'stable' hooves and disease processes developing in them and in the body as a whole lowered the milk yield by 3.3 l, on an average, per cow (4.5 l, respectively). Trimming of hooves and medical treatment were found to avoid the drop of the daily milk yield along with the recovering all losses and coming back to normal levels. Opportunely used treatment prevented the losses associated with live weight, lowered the percent of premature culling and emergency slaughter and reduced or fully ruled out the death cases. Economic losses could be kept to a minimum if the efforts described above ate coupled with periodic hoof trimming (at least twice a month).

[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated autologous blood on the biochemical indices of sheep with a Corynebacterium infection]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli pri ovtse s korinebakterialna infektsiia.

Twelve sheep were used in two groups of six animals each (a control and a test one). Both control and test animals were infected with a 24-hour broth culture of Corynebacterium pyogenes. The infection was followed up in the course of five days after which the animals of both groups were subjected to autohemotransfusion, whereas the blood transfused with the controls was not treated, and the blood transfused with the test animals was treated with ultra violet rays in vitro. Following the transfusion of both untreated and treated blood the amount of blood sugar rose, it reaching higher levels in the case UV-treated blood. There were changes in the total protein and the protein fractions induced by the Corynebacterial infection, however, the initial levels were more rapidly restored in the case of transfusing UV-treated blood. With autohemotransfusion the values of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in all animals dropped. The change was more rapidly and more strongly expressed with the transfusion of UV-treated blood.

[Clinical, radiotelemetric and x-ray research on erythematous polyarthritis in lambs]. / Klinichni, radiotelemetrichni i rentgenologichni izsledvaniia pri chervenkoviia poliartrit u agneta.

Experimental investigations were carried out with 6 lambs each infected i/v with 2 cm3 of a 24-hour broth culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae rated at 10(8) microbial cells per cu. cm. The clinical state of the animals was followed up in the course of 60 days, the changes in the cardiovascular system and those in the movements of the rumen being recorded radiotelemetrically, while the changes taking place in the joints were studied roentgenographically. It was found that the causative agent of swine erysipelas was strongly pathogenic for the lambs following a hematogenic infection, causing polyarthritis with concurrent changes in the general state--rise of temperature and higher respiration and pulse rates. The electrocardiograms of the affected animals showed sinus tachycardia, participation of Q waves, and changes in the R and T waves, while the graphic records of the rumen showed a drop in the number of rumen contractions and decrease in the amplitude. Roentgenographically, there were periostitis and osteoarthritis of the carpal and tarsal joints.

[Surgical diseases in calves and the economic losses from them during intensive fattening]. / Khirurgichni zaboliavaniia na teletata i ikonomicheski zagubi ot tiakh pri intenzivno ugoiavane.

Investigations were carried out in 1982 at three calf-fattening complexes of the same type of equated conditions of growing and feeding on a total of 15 600 bull calves to establish the percent of surgical diseases and the economic losses thereof. Highest proved the share of diseases involving the bone-joint apparatus of the limbs--fractures, epiphysiolyses, arthroses, arthritis (6 per cent), the hooves (1.8 per cent), the soft tissues of the limbs--wounds, ruptures, tendinitis and tendovaginitis, bursitis, pareses and paralyses (5.4 per cent). Considerable was the number of cases with the involvement of other organs too--genitalia, horns, tail, and others (2.1 per cent). The economic losses of the emergency slaughtered bull calves as well as of the those that died, along with the therapeutic means used amounted to LV 320 000 for a year.

[Electronic indicators for determining the optimum moment for inseminating cows and sheep]. / Elektronni indikatori za opredeliane na optimalniia moment za osemeniavane na kravi i ovtse.

Three types of electron indicators to measure the electric resistance of the vagina with cows and ewes are described. The first type of such indicators gives a direct scale record of resistance as measured in ohm units. The remaining two types present a simpler construction, and are intended for practical purposes, pointing to the threshold value of resistance. It has been found by means of these indicators that the optimal time for insemination in the case of cows is when the electric resistance is lower than 250 omega; for ewes--when the resistance is lower than 550 omega. The indicators rate totally designed with Bulgarian transistors and integral schemes.

[Total protein, sulfur and bound amino acid content in the hoof horn of cows]. / Sudurzhanie na obshtiia beltuk, siarata i svurzanite aminokiselini v kopitniia rog na kravi.

Comparative investigations were carried out for the evaluation of the total protein and sulfur in the sole hoof horn of cows of the breeds Bulgarian Brown and Black and White with normal and diseased hooves as well as of the bound amino acids in the hoof horn of the same hooves of cows of the Black and White breed. It was found that the total protein as indicated above did not show any essential differences in the two breeds. The amount of total sulfur in Bulgarian Brown cows was relatively higher than that in Black and White cows. It was also found that the lower content of sulfur in the diseased hooves indicated lower resistance. The content of bound amino acids in the hoof horn of Black and White cows with both normal and diseased hooves showed certain variations. Generally, it proved lower in diseased hooves of the hind limbs than in affected hooves of the forelimbs.

[Effect of UV-irradiated autologous blood on various morphological and biochemical blood indices and phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in cattle]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi morfologichni i biokhimichni pokazateli na kruvta i fagotsitarnata aktivnost' na levkotsitite pri kravi.

An experiment was carried out with six clinically normal cows under production conditions. The animals were kept and fed in the same conditions. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein, mixing it immediately with a 5 per cent sterile solution of sodium citrate at a 4:1 ratio. The amount of blood obtained in cu. cm was 0.5 times more than the number of kilograms with each individual animal. The exposure of the mixture to ultraviolet rays lasted 12 minutes. During irradiation it was stirred with a sterile glass rod, following which it was injected i/v. It was found that autohemotransfusion of blood treated in vitro with ultraviolet rays had a favourable effect on the morphologic composition of blood, leading to a rise of the erythrocyte and the leukocyte count. The level of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D also rose. The same was true of the gamma-globulin fractions. Autohemotransfusion of irradiated blood stimulated also the phagocytic rhythm.

[Effect of the in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of autogenous blood on hematological, biochemical and biological indices in sheep with experimentally induced sepsis]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi in vitro autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi khematologichni, biokhimichni i biologichi pokazateli pri ovtse s eksperimentalno predizvikan sepsis.

Studies were carried out with 10 sheep infected with a 24th hour broth culture of strain 1088 of Corynebacterium pyogenes. The animals were divided into two groups of 5 each--control and test. Autotransfusion of untreated blood was carried out with the control group, and autotransfusion of UV-treated (in vitro) blood--with the test group. Used was a M-LK5 type lamp, and irradiation lasted 10 min. The autotransfusion of both treated and untreated blood was well tolerated by the sheep. It did not cause deviations from the normal clinical indices. It was established that the autohemotransfusion with untreated blood did not bring about changes in reactions that could be clinically followed up in the course of the disease. On the other hand, the autohemotransfusion of blood that was treated in vitro with ultra-violet rays had a beneficial effect on the body as a whole and on the individual clinical indices.

[Physicochemical properties of the hoof horn in healthy highly productive cows and in those with hoof diseases]. / Fiziko-khimichni kachestva na kopitniia rog na zdravi i sus zaboliavaniia kopita pri visokoproduktivni kravi.

Comparative investigations were carried out to determine the water content, total protein, the macroelements Ca, P, Na, and K and the trace elements Zn, Mn, and S in the wall and sole horn of the front and hind hooves of high-producing cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed and the Black Pied cattle. The hoof water content in both breeds did not show any substantial differences in normal and diseased cows, and varied within the limits of 19 to 34 per cent. In affected hooves the water content was higher than that in normal hooves. The contents of total protein, Ca, P, K, Na, Zn, and Mn did not show, essential differences of either. The low level of total sulfur in diseased hooves was an indication of the lowered resistance of hoof horn.

[Clinical and x-ray picture of osteoarticular diseases in fattening calves]. / Klinichno-rentgenologichna kartina na kostno-stavnite zaboliavaniia pri teleta za ugoiavane.

During the period 1964-1974, as well as through the application of two industrial-experimental tests with the utilization of different technologies and conditions for fattening calves, we carried out clinical, pathoanatomical, biochemical and X-ray investigations on the development, state and discomforts of the motor apparatus. It was proved in our observations that there existed: a delayed mineralization with the presence of relative general osteoporosis of the tubular bones, the epiphyses, the apophyses and the peripheric bones (caudal vertebrae, heel and cubit growths, etc.); the appearance of epiphysiolyses and apophysiolyses which were very often accompanied by fractures and dislocations; arthritic processes in the joints of the limbs; partial necrosis and tearings of Achilles' tendons; pus processes in the zone of growth in the case of colienteric disorders; immobilization and premature killing of necessity. We proved the importance of periodic X-ray checks in discovering the disorders of the bone system and the due corrections for balancing the feeding process.

[Economic effect on the milk yield in cows after trimming and treating their hooves]. / Ikonomicheska efektivnost pri mlekonadioa na kravite ot podriazvaneto i lekuvaneto na kopitata.

Experiments were carried out in production conditions on 200 highly productive cows during the lactation period for determining the percentage of hoof illnesses during cow-shed raising, as well as the influence of clipping of hooves and their treatment on milk production. In the case of restricted movement and a long period of not clipping the hooves, the so-called 'shed hooves' were proved with 55.5% of the cows, out of which 18% suffered from an illness. The cases without any visible clinical symptoms for illnesses of the hooves were the cause of a progressive reduction in monthly milk production, ranging, on the average, for a single cow from 3.7 up to 5.3 1 a day. Hoof-clipping brought about the increase of the quantity of daily milk production for a single cow on the average, within the limits 1.5-2.1. In the case of hoof illnesses the daily milk production respectively decreases and reaches 5.4 1 for a single cow. The adequate operative and medicinal treatment despite the gravity of the illness, even during the period of treatment, leads to an increase in daily milk production from 1.50 up to 1.64 1 for a single cow.

[Changes in the vitamin D content in cow's milk irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet rays and in the blood serum of calves fed the irradiated milk]. / Promeni v sudurzhanieto na vitamin D v krave mliako, oblucheno in vitro s ultravioletovi luchi, i v kruvniia serum na teleta, khraneni s oblucheno mliako.

Comparative investigations aiming to determine the most favourable dose for in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of cow milk which can ensure highest vitamin D content in it and best effect on vitamin D level in calf blood serum were carried out. It was established that under the applied technique of ultraviolet irradiation a 4 min treatment is most suitable and vitamin D content in milk rises several times (up to 8 times). Feeding of calves up to the age of 60 days with irradiated milk ensures a 4- to 5-fold increase of vitamin D in the blood serum as compared to its initial level before the experiment started and 2--3 fold as compared to that in control group calves.

[Radiotelemetric studies on uterine motility in cows during the 3d period of labor and the early puerperal period]. / Radiotelemetrichni izsledvaniia vurkhu motorikata na matkata u kravi prez III period na razhdaneto i ranniia puerperalen period.

The outside appearance of a one-channel radiotelemetric system is presented and a short description of supplementary devices for the study of uterine motility in cows is given. The radiotube consisting of an inductive converter and a two-transistor sound generator is described in short. The tube is placed directly in the uterine cavity through the cervical canal. The numerical values of contractile uterine activity in hours post delivery up to the 120 hour are presented in one table and a graph. Original registering of normal uterine activity and of reflectory inhibition of the same are shown as well as registerings of other functions of the organism through the uterus such as urination, defecation, lowing and belching. The contractile activity of the uterus during a normal course of the third stage of labour and the early puerperium is most strongly expressed during the first day post calving. The duration of this activity in the following days is directly dependent on the individual characteristics of the organism.