Deciphering microbial communities of three Savoyard raw milk cheeses along ripening and regarding the cheese process.

Different Savoyard cheeses are granted with PDO (Protected Designation or Origin) and PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) which guarantees consumers compliance with strict specifications. The use of raw milk is known to be crucial for specific flavor development. To unravel the factors influencing microbial ecosystems across cheese making steps, according to the seasonality (winter and summer) and the mode of production (farmhouse and dairy factory ones), gene targeting on bacteria and fungus was used to have a full picture of 3 cheese making technologies, from the raw milk to the end of the ripening. Our results revealed that Savoyard raw milks are a plenteous source of biodiversity together with the brines used during the process, that may support the development of specific features for each cheese. It was shown that rinds and curds have very contrasted ecosystem diversity, composition, and evolution. Ripening stage was selective for some bacterial species, whereas fungus were mainly ubiquitous in dairy samples. All ripening stages are impacted by the type of cheese technologies, with a higher impact on bacterial communities, except for fungal rind communities, for which the technology is the more discriminant. The specific microorganism's abundance for each technology allow to see a real bar-code, with more or less differences regarding bacterial or fungal communities. Bacterial structuration is shaped mainly by matrices, differently regarding technologies while the influence of technology is higher for fungi. Production types showed 10 differential bacterial species, farmhouses showed more ripening taxa, while dairy factory products showing more lactic acid bacteria. Meanwhile, seasonality looks to be a minor element for the comprehension of both microbial ecosystems, but the uniqueness of each dairy plant is a key explicative feature, more for bacteria than for fungus communities.

Dense mapping of the region of insulin gene VNTR in polycystic ovary syndrome in a population of women from Central Europe.

INTRODUCTION: Insulin gene VNTR was associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in some studies but not in others. This couldb be due to the heterogeneity of the definition of PCOS and/or the use of inappropriate gene mapping strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this investigation, the association of VNTR with PCOS was explored in a population of women from Central Europe (377 cases and 105 controls) in whom PCOS was diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria. Seven SNPs: rs3842756 (G/A), rs3842755 (G/T), rs3842754 (C/T), rs3842753 (A/C), rs3842752 (C/T), rs3842748 (G/C), and rs689 (T/A) were genotyped in a portion of the population (160 cases and 95 controls) by sequencing or by SSO-PCR. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern allowed selecting three tagSNPs (rs3842754, rs3842748, and rs689), which were genotyped in the rest of the population by KASPar. RESULTS: Six haplotypes were reconstructed, among which three (h1, h2 and h6) were more frequent. Statistical analysis allowed observation of the association of the SNP rs3842748, through its GC genotype, with obesity in PCOS (P = 0.049; OR CI95% 1,59 [1.00-2.51]) and in classical PCOS (YPCOS) (P = 0.010), as well as the correlation of the SNP rs689 and the pair of haplotypes h1/h1 with higher levels of testosteronaemia in the PCOS group, although this was at the limit of significance (P = 0.054) CONCLUSION: These results are in accordance with some studies in literature and highlight the role of insulin gene VNTR in complex metabolic disorders.