[Investigation of the threshold characteristics of visual information perception by operator controlling the illumination parameters in the 105-day experiment in isolation].

The investigations of threshold frequency characteristics (TFC) of the visual analyzer and labor productivity were carried out during 105-d isolation of volunteers in an airtight module illuminated by LED lamps adjustable to personal psychophysiological needs. Software and calculation procedure were devised to assist the chromatic TFC-based determination of photometric parameters. Data of analysis of actual mood and vision contrast sensitivity when looking at a three-color image suggested that visual performance could be improved by achieving light color adequacy to TFC of individual vision. The results of experimental investigations showed once again efficiency of the proposed methods and their relevance to the objectives of the extended ground-based experiment simulating an exploration mission to Mars.

[Trends in the acoustic environment at the International space station in the period of time of the ISS missions from one to fifteen].

Acoustics measurements in the Service module of the International space station were performed at the workplaces with the vehicle and life support systems and equipment in operational status, and at the crew sleeping sites. Analysis of the measuring results revealed violation of the noise limits across the whole module. Measures were taken to abate noise at the place of origin and along the propagation path in order to prevent its negative effects on crew health.

[Role of space-frequency characteristics of vision organ in the human psychophysiological state and performance].

Light conditions and color scheme of closed environments should be favorable to human performance. Space station lighting system should ensure visual comfort during work and be appropriate for crew health and well-being. To be successful in solving these problems, it is important to have objective data about luminosity and chromaticity distribution in closed environments. Experiments aimed to investigate the vision color space-frequency characteristic (SFC) were performed using a set of psychophysiological sensors. Contrast sensitivity of pre-adapted operators was determined by thresholds of perceiving object's advent and disappearance, as well as by tracking time and adaptation and test luminosity. Analysis of the experimental data made it evident that color contrast sensitivity and, therefore, SFC of the organ of vision are valuable markers of the interdependence between the visual information processing and psychophysiological status of human. Color SFC illustrates deviations and also enables their quantification. Changes in psychophysiological parameters bring about commensurate deviations in color SFC; consequently, SFC can be implemented in neuroinformation technologies of health recovery and light-and-color control of environment.

[Medical provisions for non-career cosmonauts on short-duration flights to the International Space Station].

The paper presents the factual data about 6 participants in short-duration space flights of three age groups (according to the WHO classification). The scope of medical care for three young SFPs whose health status was qualified as good replicated the program adopted in Russia for crewmembers trained for short-duration orbital flights. To safeguard three SFPs of middle and elderly age among whom two had deviations in body functions, the standard medical care program was reinforced by prescription of corrective pharmaceuticals to be taken during space flight, supply of personal kits with preventive medicine, inclusion of additional examinations into the standard medical monitoring and modification of the in-flight countermeasure program, if necessary. As a result, all the SFPs missions were accomplished safely and successfully.

[Evaluation of the practicability of linen bed-clothes and underwear in space flight].

The evaluation was performed in a pressurized chamber (ground-based experimental facility) with participation of nine volunteered test-subjects. Linen and cotton underwear and bed-clothes were intercompared by physiological and hygienic well-being of the test-subjects Comparison was made with the help of methods of the sanitary-hygienic assessment and clinical-physiological investigations, and subjective data. Alterations in integument microflora were observed in all the test-subjects irrelative of type of textile. The extent of disbiotic shifts varied with volunteers and did not depend on type of textile. The weighted mean cutaneous and body temperatures were lower in the test-subjects provided with the linen bed-clothes and underwear. According to the clinical investigations, general condition of the test-subjects was stably good no matter type of textile.

[Experience of an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin during prolonged isolation and confinement].

The utility of pantohematogen, an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin for mental performance and functioning of the body systems was assessed in volunteered subjects exposed to prolonged isolation and confinement. Pantohematogen was shown to be favorable for successful implementation of control operations tests without any side effects on the main body systems and, therefore, can be recommended as a way to improve mental performance and to treat asthenoneurotic disorders in extreme conditions.

[Development of a basic ration out of commercial foods for nutrition in ground-based simulation experiments].

Food rations composed of canned products were given the physiological and hygienic evaluation in the context of their fitness for human volunteers in experiments with head-down bedrest in isolation and confinement. As a result, the food rations were proven to contain the desired quantities of nutrients. Evaluation of food fitness for human subjects was made based on the data of clinical-physiological and biochemical investigations. The rations met the energy and anabolic metabolism demands of human subjects during extreme chamber experiments and were favorable to maintaining good level of vital processes.

[Hygienic evaluation of the acoustic conditions inside the habitable compartments of the Russian segment of the International Space Station during increment one]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka akusticheskoi obstanovki v zhilykh otsekakh rossiiskogo segmenta Mezhdunarodnoi kosmicheskoi stantsii v period raboty pervoi osnovnoi ékspeditsii.

Acoustic measurements made in the ISS RS as a part of the ground assembly testing and during ISS increment-I showed that noise at the RS workplaces was 1.3 to 4.8 dBA higher than during the assembly testing and exceeded the MIR noise values by 2.4 to 5.0 dBA. Comparison of the MIR and ISS RS acoustic environment revealed that most often inadmissible noise was characteristic of the same locations, i.e close to the air conditioner and system Vozdukh. Noise measurements in the Service Module crew quarters did not diverge significantly from results of the ground testing, and MIR noise monitoring. These data verified the necessity for spacecraft designers to predict noise levels and select noise-suppressing methods already on the phase of research and development.

[Evaluation of the effect of a single dose of phytoadaptogen on human's working ability during long-term isolation]. / Otsenka vliianiia razovogo priema fitoadaptogena na rabotosposobnost' obsleduemykh pri dlitel'noi izoliatsii.

Findings in the study of the effect of a single dose of a phitoadaptogen on concentration, occulomotor coordination and short-term memory with five human subjects in long-term isolation and confinement (ECOPSY-95) are reported. A complex phitopreparation developed by the Swedish Institute of Remedy Herbs (Heteborg) with tentatively name Adapt was used. Tests based on the double blind method were conducted within 1.5 and 4 hours following taking. Analysis of results displayed a significant improvement of work ability four hours after the single dose of the phitoadaptogen attested by a reduced number of erroneous reproduction of stimulating information from memory. Accuracy of compensatory tracking was found to grow much higher.