Erratum: Resonance Effects in Photoemission Time Delays [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 133001 (2015)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.133001.

Resonance Effects in Photoemission Time Delays.

We present measurements of single-photon ionization time delays between the outermost valence electrons of argon and neon using a coincidence detection technique that allows for the simultaneous measurement of both species under identical conditions. The analysis of the measured traces reveals energy-dependent time delays of a few tens of attoseconds with high energy resolution. In contrast to photoelectrons ejected through tunneling, single-photon ionization can be well described in the framework of Wigner time delays. Accordingly, the overall trend of our data is reproduced by recent Wigner time delay calculations. However, besides the general trend we observe resonance features occurring at specific photon energies. These features have been qualitatively reproduced and identified by a calculation using the multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock method, including the influence of doubly excited states and ionization thresholds.

Revealing the time-dependent polarization of ultrashort pulses with sub-cycle resolution.

We report on the first experiments characterizing the complete time-dependent 2D vector potential of a few-cycle laser pulse. The instantaneous amplitude and orientation of the electric field is determined with sub-cycle resolution, directly giving access to the polarization state of the pulse at any instant in time. This is achieved by performing an attosecond streaking experiment using a reaction microscope, where the full pulse characterization is performed directly in the target region.

Combining attosecond XUV pulses with coincidence spectroscopy.

Here we present a successful combination of an attosecond beamline with a COLTRIMS apparatus, which we refer to as AttoCOLTRIMS. The setup provides either single attosecond pulses or attosecond pulse trains for extreme ultraviolet-infrared pump-probe experiments. We achieve full attosecond stability by using an active interferometer stabilization. The capability of the setup is demonstrated by means of two measurements, which lie at the heart of the COLTRIMS detector: firstly, we resolve the rotating electric field vector of an elliptically polarized few-cycle infrared laser field by attosecond streaking exploiting the access to the 3D momentum space of the charged particles. Secondly, we show streaking measurements on different atomic species obtained simultaneously in a single measurement making use of the advantage of measuring ions and electrons in coincidence. Both of these studies demonstrate the potential of the AttoCOLTRIMS for attosecond science.

Probing nonadiabatic effects in strong-field tunnel ionization.

We investigate experimentally the validity of proposed theories extending the tunneling approximation towards the multiphoton regime in strong-field ionization of helium. We employ elliptically polarized laser pulses and demonstrate how the influence of the ion potential on the released electron encoded in the measured observable provides the desired sensitivity to detect nonadiabatic effects in tunnel ionization. Our results show that for a large intensity range the proposed nonadiabatic theories contradict the experimental trends of the data, while adiabatic assumptions are confirmed.

Use of silicone in treatment phase of radiotherapy.

The usefulness of silicone has been demonstrated. No special materials are necessary, as those which are already present in the dental office are adequate. The silicone will not distort over the treatment period and can be repositioned accurately to ensure uniformity of the dose. It is also easily cleaned and stored for daily use. It can be used to improve the plane of the surface tissue and provide "buildup" to fill "dead space," which helps assure accurate assessment of the magnitude and distribution of the desired radiation dose.

Accessory beam flattening filter for the varian clinac-4 linear accelerator.

An accessory beam flattening filter (brass disk with critical angles) attaches to the shadow tray of the clinac-4 linear accelerator, intercepts the x-ray beam, and eliminates higher dose areas at the edges of large fields near the skin surface. This improves the x-ray beam dose distribution within the patient and results in a reduction of dose to normal tissues near the surface.

[The function of innervated kidneys during stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors under constant renal perfusion pressure]. / Die Funktion der innervierten Nieren während der Reizung der Karotis-Chemorezeptoren bei konstantem renalem Perfusionsdruck

The carotid chemoreceptors of narcotized, vagotomized and spontaneously breathing hydropenic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood penic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood for 70 min. Elevation of blood pressure at the innervated kidneys was prevented by an automatically controlled balloon located within the aorta. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors intensified respiration and raised the arterial systemic pressure. With the renal arteries at constant pressure, the effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate significantly declined. The filtration fraction remained unchanged. The absolute urinary and sodium excretion did not change significantly, whereas the fractional time-volume, fractional sodium excretion, and the fractional osmotic excretion significantly increased. The fractional tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water was significantly enhanced. These reactions subsided during subsequent perfusion of the glomerula carotici with arterial blood. The results suggest that tubular sodium reabsorption is inhibited by stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors, although re-adjustment of renal perfusion and filtrate volume cannot be excluded.