Determinants and impact of alexithymia on quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Alexithymia is a neuropsychiatric symptom conceptualized as difficulty identifying and describing feelings. Although associated with other non-motor symptoms, mainly neuropsychiatric, alexithymia may present as an isolated symptom in persons with Parkinson's Disease (PwP). The objective of the study is to identify determinants of alexithymia and its association with quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Subjects with Parkinson's disease were recruited. The following instruments were applied: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Matched healthy controls were screened using TAS-20. Clinical and demographical variables were compared between alexithymic and non-alexithymic. Regression models were used to find determinants of alexithymia. Impact of alexithymia on QoL was estimated with a linear regression model. RESULTS: 98 patients were included. 56.1% PwP and 28.8% controls were alexithymic (p<0.001). Education level (OR 0.86) and NMSS urinary score (OR 1.09) determined alexithymia as well as TAS-20 score. Alexithymia was an independent determinant of QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Alexithymia is a prevalent independent non-motor symptom in PwP with impact on QoL. Low education level and urinary symptoms are important determinants of alexithymia.

Determinants and impact of alexithymia on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease / Determinantes e impacto de la alexitimia en la calidad de vida en la enfermedad de Parkinson

Introduction: Alexithymia is a neuropsychiatric symptom conceptualized as difficulty iden-tifying and describing feelings. Although associated with other non-motor symptoms, mainlyneuropsychiatric, alexithymia may present as an isolated symptom in persons with Parkinson’sDisease (PwP). The objective of the study is to identify determinants of alexithymia and itsassociation with quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Subjects with Parkinson’s disease were recruited. The following instruments wereapplied: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS),Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Toronto alexithymiascale (TAS-20) and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Matched healthy controls werescreened using TAS-20. Clinical and demographical variables were compared between alex-ithymic and non-alexithymic. Regression models were used to find determinants of alexithymia.Impact of alexithymia on QoL was estimated with a linear regression model.Results: 98 patients were included. 56.1% PwP and 28.8% controls were alexithymic (p < 0.001).Education level (OR 0.86) and NMSS urinary score (OR 1.09) determined alexithymia as well asTAS-20 score. Alexithymia was an independent determinant of QoL. Conclusions: Alexithymia is a prevalent independent non-motor symptom in PwP with impacton QoL. Low education level and urinary symptoms are important determinants of alexithymia.(AU)

Introducción: La alexitimia es un rasgo neuropsiquiátrico conceptualizado como la dificul-tad para identificar y describir sentimientos. Aunque está asociado con otros síntomas nomotores, principalmente neuropsiquiátricos, sigue siendo una característica independiente delas personas con enfermedad de Parkinson (PcP). El objetivo del estudio es identificar losdeterminantes de la alexitimia y su asociación con la calidad de vida en la enfermedad deParkinson. Métodos: Se reclutaron sujetos con enfermedad de Parkinson. Se aplicaron los siguientesinstrumentos: escala unificada de la enfermedad de Parkinson de la Sociedad de Trastornosdel Movimiento (MDS-UPDRS), escala de síntomas no motores (NMSS), evaluación cognitiva deMontreal (MoCA), escala de alexitimia de Toronto (TAS-20) y cuestionario de la enfermedadde Parkinson (PDQ-8). Se incluyeron controles sanos pareados, los cuales se evaluaron usandola TAS-20. Las variables clínicas y demográficas se compararon entre pacientes alexitímicos yno alexitímicos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión para estimar los predictores de alexitimia.El impacto de este rasgo neuropsiquiátrico en la calidad de vida se estimó con un modelo deregresión lineal. Resultados: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes. El 56,1% de PcP y el 28,8% de los controles fueronalexitímicos (p < 0,001). El nivel educativo (OR 0,86) y la puntuación urinaria del NMSS (OR1,09) determinaron la alexitimia, así como la puntuación del TAS-20. La alexitimia fue undeterminante independiente de calidad de vida. Conclusiones: La alexitimia es un síntoma independiente no motor prevalente con impactoen la calidad de vida. El bajo nivel educativo y los síntomas urinarios son determinantesimportantes de esta condición. (AU)

Sugammadex in systemic mastocytosis : Case report and a systematic review of literature.

Perioperative management in patients suffering from systemic mastocytosis is challenging. Most recommendations regarding anesthetic management in these patients are based on clinical reports, and there are controversies about the use of rocuronium and sugammadex. We present a case report of a patient with systemic mastocytosis who was given sugammadex for rocuronium reversal. Tryptase levels were monitored during the first postoperative 24 h, without evidence of elevation. We also performed a systematic review to provide an overview of current evidence regarding the safety of using sugammadex in patients suffering from systemic mastocytosis. The search strategy included PubMed and Google Scholar. All studies published up to and including January 2021 concerning anesthetic management in systemic mastocytosis were included. Of the 122 articles located, 9 articles were included: 2 reviews and 7 case reports. Data from reviewed studies confirm that sugammadex can safely be administered in patients suffering from systemic mastocytosis.

Determinants and impact of alexithymia on quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Alexithymia is a neuropsychiatric symptom conceptualized as difficulty identifying and describing feelings. Although associated with other non-motor symptoms, mainly neuropsychiatric, alexithymia may present as an isolated symptom in persons with Parkinson's Disease (PwP). The objective of the study is to identify determinants of alexithymia and its association with quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Subjects with Parkinson's disease were recruited. The following instruments were applied: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Matched healthy controls were screened using TAS-20. Clinical and demographical variables were compared between alexithymic and non-alexithymic. Regression models were used to find determinants of alexithymia. Impact of alexithymia on QoL was estimated with a linear regression model. RESULTS: 98 patients were included. 56.1% PwP and 28.8% controls were alexithymic (p<0.001). Education level (OR 0.86) and NMSS urinary score (OR 1.09) determined alexithymia as well as TAS-20 score. Alexithymia was an independent determinant of QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Alexithymia is a prevalent independent non-motor symptom in PwP with impact on QoL. Low education level and urinary symptoms are important determinants of alexithymia.

Esterification and modification of [1-14C] n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae reared under linoleic or α-linolenic acid-based diets and variable environmental salinities.

To elucidate the in vivo endogenous ability of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae to deacylate and reacylate phospholipids and to elongate and desaturate PUFAs, 20 days post hatch (DPH) fish were incubated with either [1-14C]20:4n-6 bound to PC and PE, or with free [1-14C]-labelled fatty acids (18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3). The modulation capacity of both low LC-PUFAs but high 18C PUFAs precursors dietary supply and increasing salinity on larval fatty acid metabolic pathways was also investigated. [1-14C]DHA was incorporated into larval tissues to a lower extent than [1-14C]ARA or [1-14C] EPA. [1-14C]ARA was significantly less abundant in larval tissues when provided bound to PE than when esterified into PC, indicating that PC is a better phospholipid source to provide LC-PUFA to pikeperch larvae. Radioactivity was mainly recovered into phospholipids, especially that of the three LC-PUFAs ARA, EPA and DHA. All substrates were primarily incorporated into PC except [1-14C]ARA which significantly did into PI. Both [1-14C]EPA and [1-14C]DHA showed a similar esterification pattern into lipid classes: PC > PE > PI > TAG, with [1-14C]DHA presenting the highest esterification into PE of all radiolabelled compounds (26.3% vs 3.6-14.2%). Although higher rearing salinities tended to increase ∆6 desaturase activity, no radioactivity from [1-14C]18:2n-6 or [1-14C]18:3n-3 was detected in ARA or EPA, proving a deficiency of Δ5 activity and the inability of pikeperch to biosynthesize DHA. This work provides novel information on the lipid metabolism of pikeperch at early development necessary for the design of live prey enrichment protocols and dietary formulations adapted to larval metabolic capabilities.

Methods for In Situ Protein Visualization in Dental Mineralized Tissues.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique based on the specificity of antibody-antigen principle used commonly to detect antigens in tissue sections. The immune labeling can be performed in paraffin sections, cryostat sections, and ultrathin sections and can be observed in light confocal and transmission electron microscopy. However, the use of immunohistochemical techniques for the study of mineralized tissues has been a challenge for decades (Berdal et al., Arch Oral Biol 36:715-725, 1991; Nanci et al., Eur J Histochem 52:201-214, 2008). Specific procedures are necessary when compared with soft tissue immunohistochemistry. This chapter describes methods for IHC on Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound and paraffin-embedded sections to detect antigens in the dental mineralized tissues.

In Situ Hybridization in Mineralized Tissues: The Added Value of LNA Probes for RNA Detection.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is one of the fundamental methods in developmental biology and neurobiology. Their first ISH protocols were reported in 1969 (Gall and Pardue, Proc Natl AcadSci USA 63:378-83, 1969). Since several decades, ISH based on the specific hybridization of 100-2000 nucleotides long probes enabled the localization of DNA/RNA sequences in tissues and cells with high cellular resolution. But sometimes a limited sensitivity notably in mineralized tissues (Obernosterer et al., Nature Protocols 2:1508-14, 2007).Here we describe a recent improvement of in situ hybridization efficiency by applying nucleotide locked nucleic acid (LNA)-incorporated oligodeoxynucleotide probes (20 LNA/DNA nucleotide probes) essentially used for noncoding miRNA and messenger RNAs.

Síndrome amelogénesis imperfecta-nefrocalcinosis: revisión bibliográfica / Amelogenesis imperfect-nephrocalcinosis syndrome: literature review

El Síndrome Amelogénesis Imperfecta-Nefrocalcinosis es una rara enfermedad caracterizada por presentar Amelogénesis Imperfecta (AI) tipo hipoplásico en su mayoría asociado a una enfermedad renal llamada: Nefrocalcinosis.La AI es una alteración de la estructura y apariencia del esmalte con un origen genético que afecta en su mayoría a todos los dientes. Puede presentarse aislada o asociada a síndromes. Se distinguen 3 tipos (hipoplásico, hipocalcificado o hipomadurado) y entre ellos existen 15 subtipos, basado en las manifestaciones clínicas y el modo en que se transmite. Entre los genes descritos están: AMELX, ENAM, FAM83H, KLK4 y MMP20. La nefrocalcinosis (NC) es una enfermedad comúnmente caracterizada por la precipitación de sales de calcio en el tejido renal. En los pacientes con este síndrome, el daño en la función renal es variable y puede demorarse hasta la adultez a pesar de la presencia típica de hiperecogenicidad en la niñez. La relación entre los defectos de esmalte y la NC aun es incierta, pudiendo ser de tipo medular o cortical, siendo la primera la más común. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es detallar las características y tipos de ambas entidades, así como describir los casos publicados en la literatura. La mayoría de los reportes que se hacen cumplen un patrón autosómico recesivo, generalmente por matrimonios consanguíneos, donde se presenta la NC de tipo medular y la AI es de tipo hipoplásico en su mayoría, que se caracteriza por ser un defecto cuantitativo de esmalte, donde clínicamente se observa ausencia del mismo...

Amelogenesis Imperfecta -Nephrocalcinosis Syndrome is a rare disease characterized by the presence of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) mostly hypoplastic type associated with a kidney disease called: Nephrocalcinosis. The AI is an alteration of the structure and appearance of the enanel with a genetic origin that mostly affects all the teeth. There may be isolated or associated with syndromes. There are 3 types (hypoplastic, hypocalcification or hypomineralised) and among them, there are 15 subtypes based on clinical manifestations and the mode how it is transmitted. Among the genes described are: AMELX, ENAM, FAM83H, KLK4 and MMP20. Nephrocalcinosis (NC) is a disease commonly characterized by the precipitation of calcium salts in the renal tissue. In patients with this syndrome, impaired renal function is variable and may be delayed until adulthood despite the presence of typical hyperechogenicity in childhood. The relationship between enamel defects and NC is still uncertain and may be cortical or medullary type, being the most common the first one. The aim of this review is to describe the characteristics and types of both entities, and to describe the cases published in the literature. Most reports have an autosomal recessive pattern, usually by consanguineous marriages, which it is presents mostly the NC medullary type and hypoplastic type of AI, which is characterized like a quantitative defect of enamel, where clinically observed absence of enamel...

La respuesta inmunológica innata y la destrucción del tejido óseo en la enfermedad periodontal: revisión de la literatura / The innate immune response and tissue destruction in periodontal disease bone. A literatura review

La periodontitis desencadena una respuesta inmunológica del huésped contra los microorganismos de la placa dentobacteriana y sus productos. La activación de los receptores Toll-like (TLR) y Nod-like (NLR) en presencia de antígenos bacterianos inducen la respuesta inflamatoria y celular, con la consecuente expresión de citocinas inflamatorias como interleucina 1 (IL-1), interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina-8 (IL-8), interleucina 11 (IL-11), interleucina 18 (IL-18) y el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-?), así como moléculas antibacterianas como b-defensinas, catelicidina y calprotectina. La IL-1 se asocia con la activación severa de las metaloproteinasas de la matriz extracelular (MMPs) que promueve la perdida de los tejidos de sostén del diente. La IL-6 estimula la diferenciación de los osteoclastos y estimula la síntesis de IL-1. El TNF-? induce la diferenciación de osteoclastos, la resorción ósea y tiene actividad sinérgica con IL-1?. Los neutrófilos forman una barrera entre el epitelio de unión y la placa dentobacteriana cuya función sinérgica es la actividad secretora de especies de oxigeno reactivas y proteínas bactericidas con el mecanismo fagocítico cuya actividad afecta la integridad de los tejidos del periodonto. Los derivados lipídicos del ácido araquidónico como Prostanglandina E2 (PGE2), han sido estrechamente relacionados con la pérdida del hueso alveolar por estimulación de los osteoclastos. Todo esto sugiere que la persistencia de las bacterias, una excesiva respuesta inflamatoria y/o una inadecuada resolución de la inflamación pueden afectar la estructura del tejido óseo durante la enfermedad periodontal.

Periodontitis triggers a host immune response against plaque microorganisms and their products. Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like (NLR) by bacterial antigens triggers an inflammatory response and cell, with the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) , interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin 11 (IL-11), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?) and antibacterial molecules as b-defensins, cathelicidin and calprotectin . Among the cytokines IL-1? is associated with severe activation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that promotes the loss of the tooth-supporting tissues. IL-6 stimulates osteoclast differentiation and stimulates the synthesis of IL-1. TNF-? induces the differentiation of osteoclasts, bone resorption and has synergistic activity with IL-1?. In the cellular response, the neutrophils form a barrier between the junctional epithelium and plaque and secrete reactive oxygen species and bactericidal proteins with the phagocytic mechanism whose activity affects the integrity of the periodontal tissues. Also an arachidonic acid lipid derivative as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been closely related to the loss of alveolar bone by stimulating osteoclast. This suggests that the persistence of bacteria, excessive inflammatory response and / or an inadequate resolution of the inflammation can affect the structure of the bone tissue during periodontal disease.

Naturally co-infected boars with both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2.

In this study, the humoral response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the presence of the virus in semen and serum and the genetic characteristics of the virus detected in 15 boars from a commercial farm were analysed. The results showed that 53% of the boars presented anti-PRRSV antibodies and 100% presented anti-PCV2 antibodies. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected in 43% of the boars and 73% were positive to PCV2. The complete ORF5 gene of PRRSV of 14 samples and a fragment of the ORF2 gene of PCV2 of 22 samples were sequenced. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus analysis revealed <92% identity in viruses from semen and serum of two boars, whereas in the rest of the boars the identity was >97.5%. As for PCV2, two boars presented an identity <95% in serum and semen and the rest had an identity >96%. The results showed that PRRSV- and PCV2-naturally infected boars can be found, and at least two different strains of viruses from semen and serum can be detected.

Effects of a diet lacking HUFA on lipid and fatty acid content of intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle.

A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effect of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on lipid and fatty acid content in intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: November (pre-spermatogenesis), March (spermatogenesis), and June (post-spermatogenesis). For this purpose, gilthead seabream broodstock were fed either a control diet (C) or an n-3 and n-6 HUFA-deficient diet (D). The results showed no changes in fatty acid content of polar lipids of intestine and gills from fish fed diet C at different stages of the reproductive cycle. However, significant changes were observed in the fatty acid content of neutral lipids in intestine but not in gills in this group. Thus, between November and March, saturates and n-3 HUFA decreased while monoenes increased. In June, the contents of these fatty acids had returned to their initial values (November). Moreover, in fish fed diet D, the fatty acid content of neutral lipid changed in both intestine and gills. In intestine NL, a decrease in saturates and n-3 HUFA and an increment in monoenes were observed from November to June. In gills, a decrease was also observed in n-3 HUFA from NL along the cycle. Nevertheless, n-6 HUFA content remained unchanged. These results show both tissue specificity in seasonal mobilization of fatty acids linked to reproductive processes and the influence of dietary fatty acids on body composition.

Dlx homeobox gene family expression in osteoclasts.

Skeletal growth and homeostasis require the finely orchestrated secretion of mineralized tissue matrices by highly specialized cells, balanced with their degradation by osteoclasts. Time- and site-specific expression of Dlx and Msx homeobox genes in the cells secreting these matrices have been identified as important elements in the regulation of skeletal morphology. Such specific expression patterns have also been reported in osteoclasts for Msx genes. The aim of the present study was to establish the expression patterns of Dlx genes in osteoclasts and identify their function in regulating skeletal morphology. The expression patterns of all Dlx genes were examined during the whole osteoclastogenesis using different in vitro models. The results revealed that Dlx1 and Dlx2 are the only Dlx family members with a possible function in osteoclastogenesis as well as in mature osteoclasts. Dlx5 and Dlx6 were detected in the cultures but appear to be markers of monocytes and their derivatives. In vivo, Dlx2 expression in osteoclasts was examined using a Dlx2/LacZ transgenic mouse. Dlx2 is expressed in a subpopulation of osteoclasts in association with tooth, brain, nerve, and bone marrow volumetric growths. Altogether the present data suggest a role for Dlx2 in regulation of skeletal morphogenesis via functions within osteoclasts.

[Comparison of two formulae for the calculation of glomerular filtration in the dosage of zoledronic acid]. / Comparación de dos fórmulas de cálculo de filtrado glomerular en la dosificación del ácido zoledrónico.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the use of a formula that does not require the patient's weight (Levey formula) for calculating creatinine clearance in the adjustment of the dosage of zoledronic acid. METHOD: Prospective observational study in which zoledronic acid prescriptions in the Oncology and Haematology departments were recorded over the course of 8 months. The adjustment of the dose of zoledronic acid was carried out in accordance with creatinine clearance obtained using two different equations; the Cockcroft-Gault equation which is based on medical records, and the Levey formula which does not require the patient's weight for the calculation. The results of zoledronic acid dosage from both equations were compared using the SPSS statistics programme, via the comparison of the two measurements using the t Student-Fisher (T-test.) RESULTS: The T-Test provided a t-test value of t = 3,366, with 112 degrees of freedom and a degree of bilateral importance of p = 0.001. The difference between both measurements was d = 0.051 +/- 0.162) and the confidence interval was 95 %, 0.082 to 0.021. From the data obtained in the T-Test, the degree of bilateral importance (p = 0.001 < 0.05) indicated that the results of the test were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the dosages obtained when comparing both methods of glomerular filtration is statistically significant, although not clinically relevant, therefore the MDRD-4 formula (Levey) could be used if the patient's weight is not available.

[Retrospective analysis of the carboplatin dosage and relationship with toxicity in cancer patients]. / Análisis retrospectivo de la dosificación de carboplatino y relación con su toxicidad en pacientes oncológicos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse carboplatin dosage in cancer patients in order to establish whether they are over- or underdosed in comparison to the theoretical dose calculations during the first cycle of chemotherapy and to find a relationship between the dosage in the first cycle and dose reduction in subsequent cycles, as a result of adverse effects related to the same. METHOD: Retrospective analysis over a one year period of prescriptions of chemotherapy with carboplatin. Patients were stratified into 4 groups according to body mass index and serum creatinine values. The mean percent error (MPE) was used to determine the relationship between the dose received and the theoretical dose calculation during the first cycle. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to study the possible relationship between patients dosage during the first cycle and dose reduction in subsequent cycles. RESULTS: A total of 86 patients were selected. Only the cohort of patients who were overweight/obese showed significant differences between the theoretical dose calculation and the dose actually received. The mean MPE value with the standard error for this group was 7.963 +- 2.610%. No links were found with the dose reduction in subsequent cycles for this cohort of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Not using adjusted weight or serum creatinine values in the Cockcroft-Gault equation may lead to incorrect doses of carboplatin in obese patients. Studies including a larger number of patients are required to confirm the relationship between overdosing during the first cycle and dose reduction in subsequent cycles, as a result of carboplatin toxicity.

Lipid dynamics and plasma level changes of 17beta-estradiol and testosterone during the spawning season of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) females of different ages.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether the age of brood stock females of Sparus aurata affects the mobilization of lipids from muscle and liver towards the gonads to aid in oocyte development. Taking into account the role some hormones play in lipid mobilization the production of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) was also measured throughout the spawning season. Four groups of fish were established consisting of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old females (1.3, 1.5, 2.3 and 2.8 kg average weight, respectively), maintained in separate tanks together with a number of two-year-old males. The results for all four groups showed no variations in fish total length between the beginning and end of the experimental period. However, losses were recorded both of body weight and condition factor. In general terms, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of E2, T and the gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) index among the four groups throughout the spawning season. In all groups, the plasma levels of E2, T, GSI and HSI were at their lowest at the end of spawning. Between December (pre-spawning) and March (mid-spawning), all groups suffered depletion of the lipid content of liver and muscle, while gonad lipid content remained constant. The mobilization of lipids from liver and muscle to contribute to the upkeep of the gonadal lipid involved the mobilization of all the fatty acid groups, saturates, monoenes, n-6, n-3, and n-3 HUFA. A good correlation existed between the percentage of the various fatty acid groups transferred from muscle and the age of the reproductive females. However, the greater lipid mobilization from muscle matching the greater age of the reproductive females did not result in greater lipid gonadal reserves or greater body size, suggesting that reproduction on the part of older females requires greater effort. Despite this, the results as a whole indicated that lipogenic capacity, considered as the mobilization of lipids from muscle and liver towards the gonad for the development of oocytes, is unaffected by age in reproductive 3- to 6-year-old gilthead seabream females.

Síndrome de urgencia miccional / Urinary urgency syndrome

Para que el llenado y el vaciado vesical se lleve a cabo de forma ordenada es necesaria la correcta coordinación entre núcleos y vías nerviosas del sistema nervioso somático y vegetativo. El estudio de este proceso es fundamental para la valoración de los trastornos miccionales. La urgencia miccional es un síntoma de causa multifactorial. Esta suele venir acompañada de polaquiuria diurna y nocturna e incontinencia. El correcto diagnóstico de esta alteración es importante para el planteamiento del tratamiento fisioterápico. Este irá encaminado a restablecer la funcionalidad del tracto urinario inferior, atendiendo a los síntomas y manifestaciones físicas que presente el paciente y aprovechando los efectos fisiológicos de las distintas técnicas de tratamiento (AU)

Aflatoxin B1 and its interconverting metabolite aflatoxicol in milk: the situation in Mexico.

Between 1996 and 1998, 580 litres of milk in Mexico were surveyed for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and its metabolite aflatoxicol (AFL), which are mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxins that interconvert AFB(1)-AFL-AFB(1). The seven most consumed brands from different regions of Mexico included pasteurized and ultrapasteurized milk with four different fat levels: whole fat (28-33 g l(-1)), half-skimmed (10-20 g l(-1)), light (1-4 g l(-1)) and with vegetable oil (33 g l(-1)). Aflatoxins in each sample were concentrated with total aflatoxin immunoaffinity columns and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. A milk sample was considered contaminated if it contained >/=0.05 microg l(-1) AFL. Pasteurization and ultrapasteurization of milk did not control contamination with AFL, which was present in 13% of samples at >/=0.05 microg l(-1) and in 8% at >/=0.5 microg l(-1), with a range of AFL from 0 to 12.4 microg l(-1). AFB(1) was present mainly in traces (0-0.4 microg l(-1)). The safest milk in relation to AFL contamination was imported milk powder with vegetable oil. There was a significant correlation between contamination of milk with AFL and the autumn (p<0.0002); the fat content was not significant.