Long-term survival for lymphoid neoplasms and national health expenditure (EUROCARE-6): a retrospective, population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Management of lymphoid malignancies requires substantial health system resources. Total national health expenditure might influence population-based lymphoid malignancy survival. We studied the long-term survival of patients with 12 lymphoid malignancy types and examined whether different levels of national health expenditure might explain differences in lymphoid malignancy prognosis between European countries and regions. METHODS: For this observational, retrospective, population-based study, we analysed the EUROCARE-6 dataset of patients aged 15 or older diagnosed between 2001 and 2013 with one of 12 lymphoid malignancies defined according to International Classification of Disease for Oncology (third edition) and WHO classification, and followed up to 2014 (Jan 1, 2001-Dec 31, 2014). Countries were classified according to their mean total national health expenditure quartile in 2001-13. For each lymphoid malignancy, 5-year and 10-year age-standardised relative survival (ASRS) was calculated using the period approach. Generalised linear models indicated the effects of age at diagnosis, gender, and total national health expenditure on the relative excess risk of death (RER). FINDINGS: 82 cancer registries (61 regional and 21 national) from 27 European countries provided data eligible for 10-year survival estimates comprising 890 730 lymphoid malignancy cases diagnosed in 2001-13. Median follow-up time was 13 years (IQR 13-14). Of the 12 lymphoid malignancies, the 10-year ASRS in Europe was highest for hairy cell leukaemia (82·6% [95% CI 78·9-86·5) and Hodgkin lymphoma (79·3% [78·6-79·9]) and lowest for plasma cell neoplasms (29·5% [28·9-30·0]). RER increased with age at diagnosis, particularly from 55-64 years to 75 years or older, for all lymphoid malignancies. Women had higher ASRS than men for all lymphoid malignancies, except for precursor B, T, or natural killer cell, or not-otherwise specified lymphoblastic lymphoma or leukaemia. 10-year ASRS for each lymphoid malignancy was higher (and the RER lower) in countries in the highest national health expenditure quartile than in countries in the lowest quartile, with a decreasing pattern through quartiles for many lymphoid malignancies. 10-year ASRS for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the most representative class for lymphoid malignancies based on the number of incident cases, was 59·3% (95% CI 58·7-60·0) in the first quartile, 57·6% (55·2-58·7) in the second quartile, 55·4% (54·3-56·5) in the third quartile, and 44·7% (43·6-45·8) in the fourth quartile; with reference to the European mean, the RER was 0·80 (95% CI 0·79-0·82) in the first, 0·91 (0·90-0·93) in the second, 0·94 (0·92-0·96) in the third, and 1·45 (1·42-1·48) in the fourth quartiles. INTERPRETATION: Total national health expenditure is associated with geographical inequalities in lymphoid malignancy prognosis. Policy decisions on allocating economic resources and implementing evidence-based models of care are needed to reduce these differences. FUNDING: Italian Ministry of Health, European Commission, Estonian Research Council.

Head and neck cancers survival in Europe, Taiwan, and Japan: results from RARECAREnet Asia based on a privacy-preserving federated infrastructure.

Background: The head and neck cancers (HNCs) incidence differs between Europe and East Asia. Our objective was to determine whether survival of HNC also differs between European and Asian countries. Methods: We used population-based cancer registry data to calculate 5-year relative survival (RS) for the oral cavity, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, and major salivary gland in Europe, Taiwan, and Japan. We modeled RS with a generalized linear model adjusting for time since diagnosis, sex, age, subsite, and histological grouping. Analyses were performed using federated learning, which enables analyses without sharing sensitive data. Findings: Five-year RS for HNC varied between geographical areas. For each HNC site, Europe had a lower RS than both Japan and Taiwan. HNC subsites and histologies distribution and survival differed between the three areas. Differences between Europe and both Asian countries persisted even after adjustments for all HNC sites but nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, when comparing Europe and Taiwan. Interpretation: Survival differences can be attributed to different factors including different period of diagnosis, more advanced stage at diagnosis, or different availability/access of treatment. Cancer registries did not have stage and treatment information to further explore the reasons of the observed survival differences. Our analyses have confirmed federated learning as a feasible approach for data analyses that addresses the challenges of data sharing and urge for further collaborative studies including relevant prognostic factors.

The observational clinical registry (cohort design) of the European Reference Network on Rare Adult Solid Cancers: The protocol for the rare head and neck cancers.

INTRODUCTION: Care for head and neck cancers is complex in particular for the rare ones. Knowledge is limited and histological heterogeneity adds complexity to the rarity. There is a wide consensus that to support clinical research on rare cancer, clinical registries should be developed within networks specializing in rare cancers. In the EU, a unique opportunity is provided by the European Reference Networks (ERN). The ERN EURACAN is dedicated to rare adults solid cancers, here we present the protocol of the EURACAN registry on rare head and neck cancers (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05483374). STUDY DESIGN: Registry-based cohort study including only people with rare head and neck cancers. OBJECTIVES: to help describe the natural history of rare head and neck cancers;to evaluate factors that influence prognosis;to assess treatment effectiveness;to measure indicators of quality of care. METHODS: Settings and participants It is an hospital based registry established in hospitals with expertise in head and neck cancers. Only adult patients with epithelial tumours of nasopharynx; nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; salivary gland cancer in large and small salivary glands; and middle ear will be included in the registry. This registry won't select a sample of patients. Each patient in the facility who meets the above mentioned inclusion criteria will be followed prospectively and longitudinally with follow-up at cancer progression and / or cancer relapse or patient death. It is a secondary use of data which will be collected from the clinical records. The data collected for the registry will not entail further examinations or admissions to the facility and/or additional appointments to those normally provided for the patient follow-up. Variables Data will be collected on patient characteristics (eg. patient demographics, lifestyle, medical history, health status); exposure data (eg. disease, procedures, treatments of interest) and outcomes (e.g. survival, progression, progression-free survival, etc.). In addition, data on potential confounders (e.g. comorbidity; functional status etc.) will be also collected. Statistical methods The data analyses will include descriptive statistics showing patterns of patients' and cancers' variables and indicators describing the quality of care. Multivariable Cox's proportional hazards model and Hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause or cause specific mortality will be used to determine independent predictors of overall survival, recurrence etc. Variables to include in the multivariable regression model will be selected based on the results of univariable analysis. The role of confounding or effect modifiers will be evaluated using stratified analysis or sensitivity analysis. To assess treatment effectiveness, multivariable models with propensity score adjustment and progression-free survival will be performed. Adequate statistical (eg. marginal structural model) methods will be used if time-varying treatments/confounders and confounding by indication (selective prescribing) will be present. RESULTS: The registry initiated recruiting in May 2022. The estimated completion date is December 2030 upon agreement on the achievement of all the registry objectives. As of October 2022, the registry is recruiting. There will be a risk of limited representativeness due to the hospital-based nature of the registry and to the fact that hospital contributing to the registry are expert centres for these rare cancers. Clinical Follow-up could also be an issue but active search of the life status of the patients will be guaranteed.

[Turn-over of non-tenured public health research personnel in an Italian public research institute (IRCCS).] / Il turn-over del personale con contratti di lavoro flessibili o borse di studio dedicato alla ricerca sanitaria in un IRCCS pubblico italiano.

BACKGROUND: The objective is to show variations in the number of non-tenured personnel (NTP) in a public health research centre (IRCCS) between 30th June 2016 and 31st December 2017. In this time interval, the issue of NTP was at the centre of governmental discussions. METHODS: Data collection was performed from CVs and scientific publications of NTP working at the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT). We compared the characteristics of NTP entering or leaving INT and those of NTP who remained in the considered time interval. RESULTS: NTP in INT counted 465 members of staff at 30th June 2016 and 472 at 31st December 2017. 75% of these works in the research. 26% of NTP left INT and their position resulted entirely substituted by other NTP. NTP staff who left are mainly aged under 40 and show fewer publications than those who stayed. Newly acquired NTP are younger and show a fewer number of publications compared to the personnel who left. CONCLUSIONS: 1 out of 4 NTP members of staff moved to a new job during a period in which the uncertain future of NTP research staff was under the spotlight. It appears that IRCCS are progressively being identified as suitable for hands-on, post university internships from which researchers would then choose to move, in search of a new job in public or private centres, with a consequent decline of IRCCS' role in health research.