Asociation between nutritional status and depressive symptoms in a Peruvian adult population: A population-based study in Peru / Asociación entre el estado nutricional y la presencia de síntomas depresivos en una población adulta Peruana: Un estudio de base poblacional

Abstract Introduction Among the Peruvian population, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased, making it one of the main public health problems. There is also conflicting evidence on the association between increased BMI and depressive symptoms in the adult population. Objective To determine the association between nutritional status (NS) and depressive symptoms (DS) in the Peruvian population. Method We conducted a secondary data analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). We assessed the NS according to body mass index (BMI), grouped into normal weight (BMI = 18.50 - 24.99), overweight (BMI = 25.00 - 29.99), 1A obesity (BMI = 30.00 - 32.49), and 1B obesity (BMI ≥ 32.50). DS were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) instrument. A generalized linear model stratified by sex was constructed to calculate crude (cPRc) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios. Results A total of 26,463 records of people aged 18-60 years were assessed, yielding a 6.3% prevalence of DS (≥ 10 points). Females had a higher frequency of DS than males, which increased depending on their NS: normal weight 7.8%, overweight 8.2%, 1A obesity 9.0%, and 1B obesity 12.0%. Likewise, in the multivariate analysis, women with 1B obesity reported a higher frequency of DS (aPR = 1.30; 95% CI = [1.03, 1.63]). Discussion and conclusion There is a strong association between nutritional status and depressive symptoms in Peruvian women, with obese women being more likely to have depressive symptoms.

Resumen Introducción Actualmente se ha incrementado la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población peruana, lo que la ha convertido en uno de los principales problemas de salud pública. Asimismo, existe evidencia contradictoria sobre la asociación entre el aumento del IMC y los síntomas depresivos en la población adulta. Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre el estado nutricional (EN) y los síntomas depresivos (SD) en la población peruana. Método Realizamos un análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar del Perú (ENDES). Se evaluó el EN según el índice de masa corporal (IMC), agrupándose en normopeso (IMC = 18.50 - 24.99), sobrepeso (IMC = 25.00 - 29.99), obesidad 1A (IMC = 30.0 - 32.49) y obesidad 1B (IMC ≥ 32.50). Los SD se evaluaron mediante el instrumento Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Se construyó un modelo lineal generalizado estratificado por sexo para el cálculo de razones de prevalencias crudas (RPc) y ajustadas (RPa). Resultados Se evaluó un total de 26,463 registros de personas de entre 18 y 60 años. La prevalencia de SD (≥ 10 puntos) fue 6.3%. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor frecuencia de SD que los varones, la cual se incrementó con el EN, siendo: normopeso 7.8%, sobrepeso 8.2%, obesidad 1A 9.0% y obesidad 1B 12.0%. Asimismo, en el análisis multivariado, las mujeres con obesidad 1B reportaron una mayor frecuencia de SD (RPa = 1.30; IC 95% = [1.03, 1.63]). Discusión y conclusión Existe una gran asociación entre el estado nutricional y los síntomas depresivos en mujeres peruanas. Así, se llega a la conclusión de que las mujeres obesas tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar síntomas depresivos.

The Risks of Ranking: Revisiting Graphical Perception to Model Individual Differences in Visualization Performance.

Graphical perception studies typically measure visualization encoding effectiveness using the error of an "average observer", leading to canonical rankings of encodings for numerical attributes: e.g., position area angle volume. Yet different people may vary in their ability to read different visualization types, leading to variance in this ranking across individuals not captured by population-level metrics using "average observer" models. One way we can bridge this gap is by recasting classic visual perception tasks as tools for assessing individual performance, in addition to overall visualization performance. In this paper we replicate and extend Cleveland and McGill's graphical comparison experiment using Bayesian multilevel regression, using these models to explore individual differences in visualization skill from multiple perspectives. The results from experiments and modeling indicate that some people show patterns of accuracy that credibly deviate from the canonical rankings of visualization effectiveness. We discuss implications of these findings, such as a need for new ways to communicate visualization effectiveness to designers, how patterns in individuals' responses may show systematic biases and strategies in visualization judgment, and how recasting classic visual perception tasks as tools for assessing individual performance may offer new ways to quantify aspects of visualization literacy. Experiment data, source code, and analysis scripts are available at the following repository: https://osf.io/8ub7t/?view_only=9be4798797404a4397be3c6fc2a68cc0.

Comparing Older and Younger Adults Perceptions of Voice and Text-based Search for Consumer Health Information Tasks.

The increased prevalence of voice search presents opportunities to address consumer challenges accessing online health information. However, it is essential to understand how users' perceptions of voice affect their search processes for health information, concerns, and different scenarios for using voice for health information tasks. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 younger (18-25) and older (60-64) adult participants to understand and compare their perceptions of using voice and text-based search for non-health-related and health-related tasks. While most participants preferred traditional text search, younger adults were not inclined to use voice search for health information due to concerns about privacy, credibility, and perceived efficiency in filtering results. Older adults found voice search potentially beneficial for reducing manual query generation burdens; however, some were unsure of how to use the technology effectively. We provide a set of considerations to address concerns about voice search for health information tasks in the future.

Culturally adapted cognitive-behavior therapy: integrating sexual, spiritual, and family identities in an evidence-based treatment of a depressed Latino adolescent.

The article described and illustrated how a culturally adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can maintain fidelity to a treatment protocol while allowing for considerable flexibility to address a patient's values, preferences, and context. A manual-based CBT was used with a gay Latino adolescent regarding his sexual identity, family values, and spiritual ideas. The adolescent suffered from a major depression disorder and identified himself as gay and Christian within a conservative and machista Puerto Rican family. CBT promoted personal acceptance and active questioning of homophobic thoughts in a climate of family respect. CBT enabled identity formation and integration, central to the development of a sexual identity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, with remission of the patient's depression and better family outcomes.