Ultra-wetting graphene-based PES ultrafiltration membrane - A novel approach for successful oil-water separation.

Oil pollution in water and separation of oil from water are receiving much attention in recent years due to the growing environmental concerns. Membrane technology is one of the emerging solutions for oil-water separation. However, there is a limitation in using polymeric membrane for oil water separation due to its surface properties (wetting behaviour), thermal and mechanical properties. Here, we have shown a simple method to increase the hydrophilicity of the polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fibre ultrafiltration (UF) membrane by using carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine modified graphene attached poly acrylonitrile-co-maleimide (G-PANCMI). The prepared membranes were characterized for its morphology, water and oil contact angle, liquid entry pressure of oil (LEPoil), water permeability and finally subjected to a continuous 8 h filtration test of oil emulsion in water. The experimental data indicates that the G-PANCMI play an important role in enhancing the hydrophilicity, permeability and selectivity of the PES membrane. The water contact angle (CAw) of the PES membrane is reduced from 63.7 ± 3.8° to 22.6 ± 2.5° which is 64.5% reduction while, the oil contact angle was increased from 43.6 ± 3.5° to 112.5 ± 3.2° which is 158% higher compared to that of the PES membrane. Similarly, the LEPoil increased 350% from 50 ± 10 kPa of the control PES membrane to 175 ± 25 kPa of PES-G-PANCMI membrane. More importantly, the water permeability increased by 43% with >99% selectivity. Based on our findings we believe that the development of PES-G-PANCMI membrane will open up a solution for successful oil-water separation.

Self-cleaning Metal Organic Framework (MOF) based ultra filtration membranes--a solution to bio-fouling in membrane separation processes.

Bio-fouling is a serious problem in many membrane-based separation processes for water and wastewater treatment. Current state of the art methods to overcome this are to modify the membranes with either hydrophilic additives or with an antibacterial compound. In this study, we propose and practise a novel concept to prevent bio-fouling by developing a killing and self-cleaning membrane surface incorporating antibacterial silver nanoparticles and highly hydrophilic negatively charged carboxylic and amine functional groups. The innovative surface chemistry helps to reduce the contact angle of the novel membrane by at least a 48% and increase the pure water flux by 39.4% compared to the control membrane. The flux drop for the novel membrane is also lower (16.3% of the initial flux) than the control membrane (55.3% of the initial flux) during the long term experiments with protein solution. Moreover, the novel membrane continues to exhibit inhibition to microbes even after 1320 min of protein filtration. Synthesis of self-cleaning ultrafiltration membrane with long lasting properties opens up a viable solution for bio-fouling in ultrafiltration application for wastewater purification.

Application of an intensified narrow channel reactor to the aqueous phase precipitation of barium sulphate.

A homogeneous liquid phase reaction between barium chloride (BaCl(2)) and sodium sulphate (Na(2)SO(4)) was conducted in a narrow channel reactor to produce barium sulphate (BaSO(4)) precipitate. The effects of channel dimensions and channel residence times on crystal size, crystal size distribution, nucleation rates, crystal morphology and conversion of reactants were investigated at different levels of reactant supersaturation ratio. Our results indicate that the smallest particle sizes are favoured when supersaturation ratios and channel velocities are high. The minimum average particle diameter observed was approximately 0.2 microm in a channel of hydraulic diameter 0.5 mm and length 20 cm at an initial supersaturation ratio of 4483 (0.1 M), which correspond to conditions giving rise to the highest nucleation rates. It has also been observed that particle size depends on the conversion to product, the smallest particles being formed when conversion lies within the range of 30 to 40%. Conversions in excess of 60% have been reached but there is a detectable limiting effect with increased supersaturation and reduced residence times. Experiments conducted at similar levels of supersaturation under stirred tank conditions showed that particle size was consistently larger and particle size distribution was much broader than that achieved in the narrow channel reactor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the crystals formed in the narrow channels show that spherical particles dominate in the smallest channels at high velocities whilst coarse, tabular crystals are obtained in the larger channels. Greater tendency to agglomerate is also observed at high supersaturation ratios, after one minute of reaction.