Cow's microbiome from antepartum to postpartum: A long-term study covering two physiological challenges.

Little is known about the interplay between the ruminant microbiome and the host during challenging events. This long-term study investigated the ruminal and duodenal microbiome and metabolites during calving as an individual challenge and a lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation as a standardized challenge. Strong inter- and intra-individual microbiome changes were noted during the entire trial period of 168 days and between the 12 sampling time points. Bifidobacterium increased significantly at 3 days after calving. Both challenges increased the intestinal abundance of fiber-associated taxa, e.g., Butyrivibrio and unclassified Ruminococcaceae. NMR analyses of rumen and duodenum samples identified up to 60 metabolites out of which fatty and amino acids, amines, and urea varied in concentrations triggered by the two challenges. Correlation analyses between these parameters indicated a close connection and dependency of the microbiome with its host. It turns out that the combination of phylogenetic with metabolite information supports the understanding of the true scenario in the forestomach system. The individual stages of the production cycle in dairy cows reveal specific criteria for the interaction pattern between microbial functions and host responses.

Microbiome Clusters Disclose Physiologic Variances in Dairy Cows Challenged by Calving and Lipopolysaccharides.

Dairy cows respond individually to stressful situations, even under similar feeding and housing conditions. The phenotypic responsiveness might trace back to their microbiome and its interactions with the host. This long-term study investigated the effects of calving, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, and l-carnitine supplementation on fecal bacteria and metabolites, dairy cow milk production, health, energy metabolism, and blood metabolites. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were examined over a defined period of life (168 days). The obtained data allowed a holistic analysis combining microbiome data such as 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and fecal targeted metabolome (188 metabolites) with host parameters. The conducted analyses allowed the definition of three enterotype-like microbiome clusters in dairy cows which could be linked to the community diversity and dynamics over time. The microbiome clusters were discovered to be treatment independent, governed by Bifidobacterium (C-Bifi), unclassified (uncl.) Clostridiales (C-Clos), and unclassified Spirochaetaceae (C-Spiro). Animals between the clusters varied significantly in terms of illnesses, body weight, microbiome composition, and milk and blood parameters. C-Bifi animals were healthier and leaner with a less diverse but dynamic microbiome. C-Spiro animals were heavier, but the diversity of the static microbiome was higher. This pioneering study uncovered microbiome clusters in dairy cows, each contributing differently to animal health and productive performance and with a crucial role of Bifidobacterium. IMPORTANCE The health of dairy cows has to be carefully considered for sustainable and efficient animal production. The microbiome of animals plays an important role in the host's nutrient supply and regulation of immune functions. We show that a certain composition of the fecal microbiome, called microbiome clusters, can be linked to an animal's health at challenging life events such as calving and inflammation. Cows with a specific set of bacteria have coped better under these stressors than have others. This novel information has great potential for implementing microbiome clusters as a trait for sustainable breeding strategies.

Phytase Supplementation Effects on Amino Acid Digestibility in Broiler Chickens are Influenced by Dietary Calcium Concentrations but not by Acid-Binding Capacity.

BACKGROUND: Responses to dietary calcium (Ca) and supplemented phytase on prececal amino acid digestibility (pcAAD) in broiler chickens vary among studies. The variation may arise from the dietary acid-binding capacity (ABC) that influences the activity of enzymes in the digestive tract and from microbial activity. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether the ABC influences phytase effects on pcAAD and whether microbial activity contributes to this. METHODS: Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were provided 1 of 12 diets in 72 pens (15/pen) from day 16 of age until the end of the experiment on days 21 or 22. In a 3 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement, the ABC was varied by replacing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with Ca-formate or by adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets, and contained 5.6 or 8.2 g Ca/kg and 0 or 1500 phytase units/kg. The ileum content was collected for pcAAD measurement and microbial community composition was used to investigate whether changes in pcAAD are related to the microbiota. RESULTS: Three-factor ANOVA showed that reducing the ABC increased pcAAD (average 1.1 percentage points) and no significant interaction of the ABC with Ca concentration and phytase supplementation including 3-way interactions. Without phytase, increasing dietary Ca concentration decreased pcAAD (average 3.1 percentage points). Phytase supplementation increased pcAAD (average 2.1 and 5.0 percentage points at low and high Ca concentrations, respectively), to reach the same level for both Ca concentrations. Microbial functional predictions pointed towards an influence of the microbiota in the crop and ileum content on amino acid concentrations, as indicated by different relative abundances of predicted genes related to amino acid biosynthesis, degradation, and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary Ca concentrations but not the ABC modulates the effect of supplemented phytase on pcAAD in broiler chickens. The microbiota might contribute to differences in pcAAD by changing the amino acid composition of the digesta. The extent of this effect is still unknown.

Relative phytase efficacy values as affected by response traits, including ileal microbiota composition.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of graded inclusions of 2 phytase products and a mineral P source in broiler chickens using different response traits, including ileum microbiota composition. Eleven experimental diets were used. These were a low-P basal diet and diets supplemented with increasing levels of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), Natuphos E 5000 G (NE), or Natuphos 5000 G (N). The performance traits, prececal P digestibility, and tibia and foot ash results were subjected to regression analysis and slope ratios were used to compare the supplements based on the measured evaluation traits. In the microbiota analysis, total nucleic acids were extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was targeted for use in the amplicon sequencing process. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Mothur, followed by a multivariate statistical analysis. The various response traits caused different estimates of relative efficacy. The mean results of all the response traits showed that a 1.75-fold increase in the activity of N was needed to achieve the same response as NE and the variability among the detected traits ranged from 1.59 (prececally digestible P intake) to 1.91 (amount of tibia ash). The mean slope ratio between DCP and NE was 311 and varied between 208 (ADG) and 349 (foot ash concentration). The mean slope ratio for phytase N with DCP was 552 and varied from 357 (ADG) to 640 (tibia ash concentration). The ileum microbiota composition was not different among the diets. A similar composition was driven in the abundance of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus gallinarum. The results suggest that different response traits cause markedly different estimates of relative phytase efficacy.

Gut Microbial Composition and Predicted Functions Are Not Associated with Feather Pecking and Antagonistic Behavior in Laying Hens.

BACKGROUND: Feather pecking is a well-known problem in layer flocks that causes animal welfare restrictions and contributes to economic losses. Birds' gut microbiota has been linked to feather pecking. This study aims to characterize the microbial communities of two laying hen lines divergently selected for high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking and investigates if the microbiota is associated with feather pecking or agonistic behavior. METHODS: Besides phenotyping for the behavioral traits, microbial communities from the digesta and mucosa of the ileum and caeca were investigated using target amplicon sequencing and functional predictions. Microbiability was estimated with a microbial mixed linear model. RESULTS: Ileum digesta showed an increase in the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in LFP, while Escherichia was abundant in HFP hens. In the caeca digesta and mucosa of the LFP line were more abundant Faecalibacterium and Blautia. Tryptophan metabolism and lysine degradation were higher in both digesta and mucosa of the HFP hens. Linear models revealed that the two lines differ significantly in all behavior traits. Microbiabilities were close to zero and not significant in both lines and for all traits. CONCLUSIONS: Trait variation was not affected by the gut microbial composition in both selection lines.

Effects of calcium level and source, formic acid, and phytase on phytate degradation and the microbiota in the digestive tract of broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND: Diet acidification, dietary calcium (Ca) level, and phytase supplementation are known influences on the microbial community in the digestive tract and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broiler chickens. Effects of dietary factors and microbiota on P utilization may be linked because microorganisms produce enzymes that release P from phytate (InsP6), the main source of P in plant feedstuffs. This study aimed to detect linkages between microbiota and InsP6 degradation by acidifying diets (i.e., replacing Ca carbonate (CaCO3) by Ca formate or adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets), varying Ca levels, and supplementing phytase in a three-factorial design. We investigated i) the microbial community and pH in the digestive tract, ii) prececal (pc) P and Ca digestibility, and iii) InsP6 degradation. RESULTS: All factors under investigation influenced digesta pH and the microbiota composition. Predicted functionality and relative abundance of microorganisms indicated that diets influenced the potential contribution of the microbiota on InsP degradation. Values of InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of the strains Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were correlated. Phytase supplementation increased pc InsP6 disappearance, with differences between Ca levels, and influenced concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers in the digestive tract. Formic acid supplementation increased pc InsP6 degradation to myo-inositol. Replacing CaCO3 by Ca-formate and the high level of these Ca sources reduced pc InsP6 disappearance, except when the combination of CaCO3 + formic acid was used. Supplementing phytase to CaCO3 + formic acid led to the highest InsP6 disappearance (52%) in the crop and increased myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta. Supplementing phytase leveled the effect of high Ca content on pc InsP6 disappearance. CONCLUSIONS: The results point towards a contribution of changing microbial community on InsP6 degradation in the crop and up to the terminal ileum. This is indicated by relationships between InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of phosphatase-producing strains. Functional predictions supported influences of microbiota on InsP6 degradation. The extent of such effects remains to be clarified. InsP6 degradation may also be influenced by variation of pH caused by dietary concentration and solubility of the Ca in the feed.

Effects on the Ileal Microbiota of Phosphorus and Calcium Utilization, Bird Performance, and Gender in Japanese Quail.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the ileum digesta of a large cohort of Japanese quail fed the same diet, with similar environmental conditions. We also address how P utilization (PU), Ca utilization (CaU), and bird performance (feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), and body weight gain (BWG)) modify intestinal microbiota of male and female quail. Despite the great number of samples analyzed (760), a core microbiome was composed of five bacteria. The Unc. Lactobacillus, Unc. Clostridaceae 1, Clostridium sensu stricto, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus alactolyticus were detected in all samples and contributed to more than 70% of the total community. Depending on the bird predisposition for PU, CaU, FI, BWG, and FC, those species were present in higher or lower abundances. There was a significant gender effect on the ileal microbial community. While females had higher abundances of Lactobacillus, males were more colonized by Streptococcus alactolyticus. The entire cohort was highly colonized by Escherichia coli (8%-15%), an enteropathogenic bacteria. It remains unclear, if microbiota composition followed the mechanisms that caused different PU, CaU, FI, FC, and BWG or if the change in microbiota composition and function caused the differences in PU, CaU, and performance traits.

The Gut Microbial Architecture of Efficiency Traits in the Domestic Poultry Model Species Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) Assessed by Mixed Linear Models.

It is well known that mammals and avian gut microbiota compositions are shaped by the host genomes and affect quantitative traits. The microbial architecture describes the impact of the microbiota composition on quantitative trait variation and the number and effect distribution of microbiota features. In the present study the gut microbial architecture of feed-related traits phosphorus and calcium utilization, daily gain, feed intake and feed per gain ratio in the domestic poultry model species Japanese quail were assessed by mixed linear models. The ileum microbiota composition was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques of growing individuals. The microbiability of the traits was on a similar level as the narrow sense heritability and was highly significant except for calcium utilization. The animal microbial correlation of the traits was substantial. Microbiome-wide association analyses revealed several traits associated and highly significant microbiota features, both on the bacteria genera as well as on the operational taxonomic unit level. Most features were significant for more than one trait, which explained the high microbial correlations. It can be concluded that the traits are polymicrobial determined with some microbiota features with larger effects and many with small effects. The results are important for the development of hologenomic selection schemes for feed-related traits in avian breeding programs that are targeting the host genome and the metagenome simultaneously.

Caeca Microbial Variation in Broiler Chickens as a Result of Dietary Combinations Using Two Cereal Types, Supplementation of Crude Protein and Sodium Butyrate.

The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate (p = 0.001). Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, which can degrade complex carbohydrates. Maize positively affected the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus. The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. The composition of diets affected the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota. The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate.

Microbial and Functional Profile of the Ceca from Laying Hens Affected by Feeding Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics.

Diet has an essential influence in the establishment of the cecum microbial communities in poultry, so its supplementation with safe additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might improve animal health and performance. This study showed the ceca microbiome modulations of laying hens, after feeding with dry whey powder as prebiotics, Pediococcus acidilactici as probiotics, and the combination of both as synbiotics. A clear grouping of the samples induced per diet was observed (p < 0.05). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified as Olsenella spp., and Lactobacillus crispatus increased their abundance in prebiotic and synbiotic treatments. A core of the main functions was shared between all metagenomes (45.5%), although the genes encoding for the metabolism of butanoate, propanoate, inositol phosphate, and galactose were more abundant in the prebiotic diet. The results indicated that dietary induced-changes in microbial composition did not imply a disturbance in the principal biological roles, while the specific functions were affected.

Impact of coccidiostat and phytase supplementation on gut microbiota composition and phytate degradation in broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND: There is good evidence for a substantial endogenous phytase activity originating from the epithelial tissue or the microbiota resident in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. However, ionophore coccidiostats, which are frequently used as feed additives in broiler diets to prevent coccidiosis, might affect the bacterial composition and the abundance of phytase producers in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation of a frequently used mixture of the coccidiostats Narasin and Nicarbazin alone or together with a phytase affects microbiota composition of the digestive tract of broiler chickens, characteristics of phytate breakdown in crop and terminal ileum, and precaecal phosphorus and crude protein digestibility. RESULTS: Large differences in the microbial composition and diversity were detected between the treatments with and without coccidiostat supplementation. Disappearance of myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) in the digestive tract, precaecal P digestibility, inorganic P in blood serum, and the concentration of inositol phosphate isomers in the crop and ileum digesta were significantly affected by phytase supplementation, but not by coccidiostat supplementation. Crude protein digestibility was increased by coccidiostat supplementation when more phosphate was available. Neither microbial abundance and diversity nor any other trait measured at the end of the experiment was affected by coccidiostat when it was only supplemented from day 1 to 10 of age. CONCLUSIONS: The coccidiostats used herein had large effects on overall microbiota composition of the digestive tract. The coccidiostats did not seem to affect endogenous or exogenous phytase activity up to the terminal ileum of broiler chickens. The effects of phytase on growth, phosphorus digestibility, and myo-inositol release were not altered by the presence of the coccidiostats. The effects of phytase and coccidiostats on nutrient digestibility can be of significant relevance for phosphorus and protein-reduced feeding concepts if confirmed in further experiments.

Current Perspectives of the Chicken Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Microbiome.

The microbial communities inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chickens are essential for the gut homeostasis, the host metabolism and affect the animals' physiology and health. They play an important role in nutrient digestion, pathogen inhibition and interact with the gut-associated immune system. Throughout the last years high-throughput sequencing technologies have been used to analyze the bacterial communities that colonize the different sections of chickens' gut. The most common methodologies are targeted amplicon sequencing followed by metagenome shotgun sequencing as well as metaproteomics aiming at a broad range of topics such as dietary effects, animal diseases, bird performance and host genetics. However, the respective analyses are still at the beginning and currently there is a lack of information in regard to the activity and functional characterization of the gut microbial communities. In the future, the use of multi-omics approaches may enhance research related to chicken production, animal and also public health. Furthermore, combinations with other disciplines such as genomics, immunology and physiology may have the potential to elucidate the definition of a "healthy" gut microbiota.

Mining lipolytic enzymes in community DNA from high Andean soils using a targeted approach.

Microbial enrichments cultures are a useful strategy to speed up the search for enzymes that can be employed in industrial processes. Lipases have gained special attention because they show unique properties such as: broad substrate specificity, enantio- and regio-selectivity and stability in organic solvents. A major goal is to identify novel lipolytic enzymes from microorganisms living in cold extreme environments such as high Andean soils, of relevance to our study being their capability be used in industrial processes. Paramo and glacier soils from the Nevados National Park in Colombia were sampled and microbial communities enriched through a fed-batch fermentation using olive oil as an inductor substrate. After 15 days of enrichment under aerobic conditions, total DNA was extracted. Subsequently, metagenomic libraries were constructed in the cosmid vector pWEB-TNC™. After functional screening, twenty and eighteen lipolytic clones were obtained from Paramo and Glacier soil enrichments, respectively. Based on lipid hydrolysis halo dimensions, the clone (Gla1) from a glacier enrichment was selected. A gene related to lipolytic activity was subcloned to evaluate enzyme properties. Phylogenetic analysis of the identified gene showed that the encoded lipase belongs to the family GDSL from a Ralstonia-like species. Interestingly, the secreted enzyme exhibited stability at high temperature and alkaline conditions, specifically the preferred conditions at 80 °C and pH 9.0. Thus, with the identification of an enzyme with non-expected properties, in this study is shown the potential of extreme cold environments to be explored for new catalytic molecules, using current molecular biology techniques, with applications in industrial processes, which demand stability under harsh conditions.

Insights into Broilers' Gut Microbiota Fed with Phosphorus, Calcium, and Phytase Supplemented Diets.

Phytase supplementation in broiler diets is a common practice to improve phosphorus (P) availability and to reduce P loss by excretion. An enhanced P availability, and its concomitant supplementation with calcium (Ca), can affect the structure of the microbial community in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Here, we aim to distinguish the effects of mineral P, Ca, and phytase on the composition of microbial communities present in the content and the mucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chickens. Significant differences were observed between digesta and mucosa samples for the GIT sections studied (p = 0.001). The analyses of 56 individual birds showed a high microbial composition variability within the replicates of the same diet. The average similarity within replicates of digesta and mucosa samples across all diets ranged from 29 to 82% in crop, 19-49% in ileum, and 17-39% in caeca. Broilers fed with a diet only supplemented with Ca had the lowest body weight gain and feed conversion values while diets supplemented with P showed the best performance results. An effect of each diet on crop mucosa samples was observed, however, similar results were not obtained from digesta samples. Microbial communities colonizing the ileum mucosa samples were affected by P supplementation. Caeca-derived samples showed the highest microbial diversity when compared to the other GIT sections and the most prominent phylotypes were related to genus Faecalibacterium and Pseudoflavonifractor, known for their influence on gut health and as butyrate producers. Lower microbial diversity in crop digesta was linked to lower growth performance of birds fed with a diet only supplemented with Ca. Each diet affected microbial communities within individual sections, however, no diet showed a comprehensive effect across all GIT sections, which can primarily be attributed to the great variability among replicates. The substantial community differences between digesta and mucosa derived samples indicate that both habitats have to be considered when the influence of diet on the gut microbiota, broiler growth performance, and animal health is investigated.

Influencia de la materia orgánica y Azotobacter nigricans en un cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana B / Influência da matéria orgânica e Azotobacter nigricans em uma cultura de Stevia rebaudiana B / Influence of organic matter and Azotobacter nigricans on a Stevia rebaudiana B. plantation

Stevia rebaudiana es una planta que acumula un compuesto edulcorante no calórico conocido como esteviosido. Su cultivo tradicionalmente se fertiliza con compuestos químicos que causan daño al ecosistema, obligando a buscar alternativas orgánicas para mitigar este daño. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la materia orgánica y un biofertilizante con base en Azotobacter nigricans en un cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana ubicado en el departamento de Meta, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se establecieron cinco tratamientos: T1 y T2 Incorporando al cultivo compost de residuos domiciliarios en concentraciones de 15 y 30 ton ha-1 respectivamente; T3 y T4 con las mismas concentraciones de compost e inoculando el biofertilizante y T5 solamente con el biofertilizante. El control correspondió a las condiciones normales de cultivo con compost Bokashi. El crecimiento vegetal se evaluó por determinación de biomasa en peso seco, producción y área foliar. El análisis fisicoquímico de suelo incluyó: porcentaje carbono orgánico, humedad y pH. Resultados. La inoculación del biofertilizante produjo un incremento en la velocidad de mineralización del compost, con %CO final de 4,85 entre los 90 y 180 días. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05) entre la producción de biomasa de T2 (1538 kg ha-1) y el control (477 kg ha-1). Respecto al contenido de sólidos solubles T1, T3 y T4 presentaron los más altos valores de °Brix (12,4: 12,35 y 12,15). Conclusiones. La concentración 30 ton ha-1 presentó los mejores rendimientos de biomasa y la aplicación del biofertilizante mostró una correlación positiva con la mineralización del compost y síntesis de glucósidos...

Influence of organic matter and Azotobacter nigricans on a Stevia rebaudiana B. plantation Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that accumulates a non-caloric sweetener compound known as stevioside. This crop is traditionally fertilized with chemicals that are harmful for the ecosystem, forcing to find organic alternatives to mitigate this damage. Objective. To study the effect of organic matter and an Azotobacter nigricans-based bio-fertilizer on a Stevia rebaudiana plantation grown in acidic soil in the Department of Meta, Colombia. Materials and methods. Five treatments were established: T1 and T2 with the application of home organic waste compost at concentrations of 15 and 30 ton ha-1. T3 and T4 with the same compost concentrations and inoculating the A. nigricans bio-fertilizer. T5 contained the bio-fertilizer alone. The control consisted of the application of the Bokashi compost under the usual conditions of cultivation. Plant growth was assessed by biomass increase measured as dry weight, production, and leaf area. The physicochemical analysis of soil included: percentage of organic carbon, water content, and pH. Results. The inoculation of the bio-fertilizer produced an increase in the rate of mineralization of compost, reaching a final 4.85% of OC between 90 and 180 days after inoculation. There were significant (p< 0.05) differences between biomass production with T2 (1,538 kg ha-1) and the control (477 kg ha-1). Regarding the soluble solid content, T1, T3 and T4 showed the highest °Brix values (12.4, 12.35 and 12.15, respectively). Conclusions. The concentration of 30 ton ha-1 produced the highest biomass production and the application of the biofertilizer showed a positive correlation with compost mineralization and glucoside synthesis...

Influência da matéria orgânica e Azotobacter nigricans em uma cultura de Stevia rebaudiana B. Stevia rebaudiana é uma planta que acumula um composto edulcorante não-calórico conhecido como esteviosídeo. Sua cultura é tradicionalmente fertilizada com produtos químicos que danificam o ecossistema, forçando a procura de alternativas orgânicas para reduzir esse dano. Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito da matéria orgânica e um biofertilizante com base em Azotobacter nigricans numa cultura de Stevia rebaudiana localizada no departamento de Meta, na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos. Cinco tratamentos foram estabelecidos: T1 e T2 incorporando ao cultivo composto de lixo doméstico em concentrações de 15 e 30 t ha-1, respectivamente; T3 e T4 com as mesmas concentrações do composto e inoculando o biofertilizante e T5 apenas com o biofertilizante. O controle correspondeu a condições normais de cultivo com composto Bokashi. O crescimento das plantas foi avaliado por estimação da biomassa em peso seco, da produção e da área foliar. A análise físico-química do solo inclui o seguinte: porcentagem de carbono orgânico, umidade e pH. Resultados. A inoculação do biofertilizante produz um aumento na taxa de mineralização do composto, com CO final de 4,85% entre 90 e 180 dias. Diferenças estatisticamente significativa (p <0,05) foram observadas entre a produção de biomassa de T2 (1538 kg ha-1) e o controle (477 kg ha-1). Com relação ao conteúdo de sólidos solúveis T1, T3 e T4 tiveram os maiores valores de °Brix (12,4: 12,35 e 12,15). Conclusões. A concentração de 30 ton ha-1 apresentou o melhor rendimento de biomassa e a aplicação do biofertilizante mostrou uma correlação positiva com a mineralização do composto e a síntese de glicosídeos...

Producción de un biofertilizante a partir de un aislamiento de Azotobacter nigricans obtenido en un cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bert / Produção de um bio-fertilizante a partir do isolamento de Azotobacter nigricans obtido num cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bert. rato / Bio-fertilizer production from an isolate of Azotobacter nigricans obtained from a plantation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert

Realizar un aislamiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno para emplearlas en un programa de fertilización bajo un esquema de agricultura orgánica. Materiales y métodos. El aislamiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno se realizó en medio Ashby-benzoato a partir del suelo de un cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Los aislamientos identificados como Azotobacter nigricans fueron evaluados mediante una cinética de crecimiento y la cepa con mayor velocidad se utilizó para la elaboración de un biofertilizante por fermentación discontinua La evaluación preliminar del biofertilizante se realizó mediante su inoculación en 3 eras de un cultivo de S. rebaudiana Bert. y el rendimiento se determinó con base en la producción de biomasa y concentración de glucósidos. Resultados. Dos aislamientos (A5 y A6) fueron identificados como A. nigricans con base en la caracterización fenotípica y genotípica. El aislamiento A5 se seleccionó para la elaboración del biofertilizante debido a que presentó mejor estabilidad, pigmentación, mayor velocidad de crecimiento 0,1405 h-1 fase exponencial de 18 horas y una producción de AIA promedio de 38,4 mg/ml a las 150 horas. El biofertilizante se obtuvo en medio leche con una concentración celular de 4x1012 UFC/ml. Conclusiones. La evaluación preliminar en campo mostró una correlación positiva entre el aumento de la concentración de glucósidos en las hojas de S. rebaudiana y una mayor producción de biomasa en respuesta a la aplicación del biofertilizante...

Bio-fertilizer production from an isolate of Azotobacter nigricans obtained from a plantation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Objective.To isolate nitrogen fixing bacteria to be used in a fertilization regime of an organic agriculture program. Materials and methods. The isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria was done in an Ashby-benzoate medium from soil of a Stevia rebaudiana plantation. Isolates identified as Azotobacter nigricans were evaluated by their growth kinetics and the strain with the fastest growth was used for the production of a biofertilizer by discontinuous fermentation. The preliminary evaluation of the biofertilizer was done by its inoculation into three ridges of a plantation of S. rebaudiana and yield determination was based upon biomass production and glycoside concentration. Results. Two isolates (A5 and A6) were identified as A. nigricans based on their phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Isolate A5 was selected for preparing the biofertilizer because it showed a better stability, pigmentation, a faster growth rate (0.1405 h-1 exponential phase of 18 hours) and an average IAA production of 38.4 mg/ml after 150 hours. The bio-fertilizer was obtained in milk medium with a cell concentration of 4x1012 CFU/ml. Conclusions. The preliminary field evaluation showed a positive correlation between the increase of the glycoside concentration in the leaves of S. rebaudiana and a higher production of biomass in response to the bio-fertilizer application...

Produção de um bio-fertilizante a partir do isolamento de Azotobacter nigricans obtido num cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bert.Objetivo: Realizar um isolamento de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio para empregá-las num programa de fertilização sob um esquema deagricultura orgânica. Materiais e métodos: O isolamento de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio realizou-se no meio Ashby-benzoato a partirdo solo de um cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Os isolamentos identificados como Azotobacter nigricans foram avaliados mediante umacinética de crescimento e a cepa com maior velocidade utilizou-se para a elaboração de um bio-fertilizante por fermentação descontínua. Aavaliação preliminar do bio-fertilizante realizou-se mediante sua inoculação em 3 eras de um cultivo de S. rebaudiana Bert., e o rendimento determinou-se com base na produção de biomassa e concentração de glucosideos. Resultados: Dois isolamentos (A5 e A6) foram identificados como A. nigricans com base na caracterização fenotípica e genotípica. O isolamento A5 selecionou-se para a elaboração do bio-fertilizante por apresentar melhor estabilidade, pigmentação, maior velocidade de crescimento (0,1405 h-1 fase exponencial de 18 horas) e uma produção de AIA media de 38,4? mg/ml as 150 horas. O bio-fertilizante obteve-se no meio leite com uma concentração celular de 4x1012 UFC/ml. Conclusões. A avaliação preliminar no campo apresentou uma correlação positiva entre o aumento da concentração deglucosideos nas folhas de S. rebaudiana e uma maior produção de biomassa como resposta à aplicação do bio-fertilizante...