Sperm head morphometry and chromatin alterations in bulls with different conception rates.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze timed-AI conception rates (CRs) of different sires in light of their conventional semen quality parameters, sperm head morphometry, and chromatin alterations. Semen was collected in the field from six Angus bulls and used for the timed-AI of 890 suckled multiparous Nellore cows at a single farm. Semen batches were evaluated on the following in vitro parameters: sperm motility, concentration, and morphology, sperm head morphometry, and chromatin alteration types. The overall CR was 49% and Bulls 1 (43%) and 2 (40%) presented reduced (P < 0.05) pregnancies per AI compared to Bull 6 (61%), even though no differences were observed between their conventional semen quality parameters. Bull 1, however, presented higher (P = 0.0001) shape factor, smaller (P = 0.0025) antero-posterior symmetry, and elevated (P = 0.0141) Fourier 1 parameter, whereas Bull 2 exhibited a higher (P = 0.0023) percentage of chromatin alteration along the central axis of the sperm head. In conclusion, bulls with varying CRs may present sperm head morphometric differences and/or chromatin alterations while not presenting differences in conventional in vitro semen quality parameters. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the concrete implications of chromatin alterations on field fertility, sperm morphometric differences and chromatin alterations may be at least partially causative of the lower pregnancies per timed-AI of certain sires.

Erratum to: Daily vaginal temperature in Girolando cows from three different genetic composition under natural heat stress.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab138.].

Daily vaginal temperature in Girolando cows from three different genetic composition under natural heat stress.

The present trial evaluated the effect of crossbred composition and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) on vaginal temperature (VT) of Girolando dairy cows maintained under tropical pasture during warm seasons. The VT was monitored along 41 to 96 h in 615 Girolando cows with different Holstein (H) × Gir genetic composition (1/2 H = 284, 3/4 H = 248, and 7/8 H = 83) from six Brazilian farms in the summer of 2016 and 2017. VT of each cow at each hour of the day and the respective THI were averaged per hour across all monitoring days to generate an averaged value for VT and THI during 24 h. A linear mixed model with repeated measures using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method for (co)variance components estimation procedure was employed. The final model adjusted the VT for the effects of cow, time, THI, farm, year, pregnancy status, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, genetic composition, and genetic composition*time interaction. Fixed effects were evaluated by ANOVA and tested with Tukey test in R software version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019). Overall mean of VT, air temperature (AT), and THI were 39.06 ± 0.52 °C, 25.63 ± 0.40 °C, and 75.06 ± 3.96, respectively. VT had moderate positive correlation with THI (r² = 0.45, P < 0.001) and AT (r² = 0.46, P < 0.001). The VT had estimated linear increase of 0.05 °C for each THI unit increase (P < 0.001). Least square mean of VT varied among the farms (P < 0.001), pregnancy status (P < 0.001), and BCS (P < 0.05) but not for Milk yield (P > 0.05). The daily average VT was affected by genetic composition (P < 0.001) with highest temperature for 3/4 H (39.08 ± 0.06 °C a) and 7/8 H (39.09 ± 0.06 °C a) and lowest temperature for 1/2 H (38.95 ± 0.06 °C b). The difference of VT among the three crossbred groups varied in function of the time of the day, from 12:00 to 20:00 h (P < 0.001), with 3/4 Holstein and 7/8 Holstein cows reaching similar VT, above to the upper limit 39.1 °C and higher than 1/2 Holstein cows during all this period. In conclusion, Girolando cows are sensitive to heat stress in tropical condition during warm seasons. Moreover, Girolando cows with genetic composition higher than 3/4 Holstein display reduced thermoregulatory efficiency. Therefore, Girolando cows in tropical dairy farms require strategies to mitigate heat stress according to their genetic composition.

Production of IL-1ß, IL-6 and CXCL8 by endometrium of crossbred heifers stimulated with various pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Uterine bacterial infections are common during the post-partum period of dairy herds and, apparently, incidences in crossbred cattle are less than in Holsteins. The aims of this study were (I) to evaluate production of interleukin 1-ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine CXCL8 using endometrial explants from Bos indicus crossbred heifers at diestrous, stimulated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), and (II) assess production of these cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endometrial explants from heifers when samples were collected at different stages of estrous cycle. In the first experiment, endometrial explants from heifers at diestrous were stimulated by ten-fold serial dilutions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), triacylated lipopeptide (PAM3) or peptidoglycan (PGN). In the second experiment, endometrial explants collected at different stages of the estrous cycle were treated with LPS. Concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6 and CXCL8 were quantified in supernatant. There was a marked (P < 0.05) production of IL-1ß, IL-6, and CXCL8 in response to LPS treatment. There was also production of IL-1ß (P < 0.05) in response to PGN treatment. Explant samples collected at different stages of the estrous cycle responded to LPS treatment with production of IL-1ß and IL-6, but with no differences (P > 0.05) between stages of estrous cycle. In conclusion, endometrial samples of crossbred Zebu-based heifers collected during diestrous produced IL-1ß, IL-6 and CXCL8 in response to LPS and IL-1ß in response to PGN. The cytokine production in response to LPS, however, was not affected by the stage of the estrous cycle in Bos indicus crossbred heifers.

Energy metabolism of pregnant zebu and crossbred zebu dairy cattle.

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P<0.05) F1 HxG compared to Gyr animals. However, when expressed as L/kg dry matter (DM) or as percentage of GEI there were no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P<0.05) at 240 days of gestation and averaged 194.39 kcal/kg of BW0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.84. The heat increment (HI) accounted for 22.74% and 24.38% of the GEI for F1 HxG and Gyr cows, respectively. The proportion of GEI used in the basal metabolism by pregnant cows in this study represented 29.69%. However, there were no differences between the breeds and the evaluation periods and corresponded to 29.69%. The mean NE for pregnancy (NEp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii in a Zebu cow.

BACKGROUND: Stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium in the ovary has been associated with the diagnosis of ovarian teratoma in cows. Recently, the diagnosis of "epidermoid cyst" has been proposed. A case of squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii in a Zebu cow is described in this report. CASE PRESENTATION: A crossbreed Zebu cow had both ovaries enlarged with multiple cysts. Most cysts were lined by well differentiated keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and filled with keratinized lamellar material. Some cysts were lined by an epithelial layer that ranged from single cuboidal, double cuboidal epithelium, stratified non keratinized epithelium, and areas of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. Single or double layered cuboidal epithelia of the cysts expressed low molecular weight cytokeratin 7, whose expression was absent in the keratinizing stratified squamous epithelia of same cysts. Conversely, high molecular weight cytokeratins 1, 5, 10, and 14 were strongly expressed by the keratinizing stratified epithelium. CONCLUSION: Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii was diagnosed. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii, may account for some of the previously described squamous lesions in the ovary, which may have been misinterpreted as teratoma or epidermoid cysts.

Explants of intact endometrium to model bovine innate immunity and inflammation ex vivo.

PROBLEM: Bacterial infections commonly cause bovine endometritis and infertility via innate immune pathways. However, mechanistic studies using isolated cells or chopped tissue may be compromised by the disruption of endometrial architecture and release of damage-associated molecular patterns. So, this study aimed to establish an ex vivo model of intact bovine endometrium to study innate immunity and inflammation. METHOD OF STUDY: Intact bovine endometrium explants were collected using a sterile 8-mm punch biopsy and cultured ex vivo with bacteria or pathogen-associated molecules. Interleukin accumulation was measured, and tissue viability was assessed by microscopy, TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labelling and lactate dehydrogenase assay. RESULTS: Intact endometrium explants accumulated IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-8 in response to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, and their purified pathogen-associated molecules; inflammatory responses were dependent on the stage of oestrous cycle. Explants of intact endometrium maintained viability and tissue architecture, and had lower basal accumulation of interleukins compared with explants using chopped endometrium. CONCLUSION: This study established a tractable ex vivo model of intact endometrium to explore the mechanisms of immunity and inflammation in the bovine endometrium.

Transcription of pattern recognition receptors and abortive agents induced chemokines in the bovine pregnant uterus.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system whose ligands are specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Considering the scarcity of studies on transcription of PRRs in the pregnant uterus of cows, and its response to PAMPs and microorganisms that cause abortion in cattle, this study aimed to characterize the transcription of TLR1-10, NOD1, NOD2 and MD2 in bovine uterus throughout gestation and to investigate the sensitivity of different uterine tissues at third trimester of pregnancy to purified TLR ligands or heat-killed Brucella abortus, Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin), Listeria monocytogenes, and Aspergillus fumigatus, by assessing chemokine transcription. RNA extracted from endometrium, placentome and intercotiledonary region of cows at the first (n=6), second (n=6), and third (n=6) trimesters of pregnancy were subjected to real time RT-PCR. After stimulation of endometrium and intercotiledonary regions with purified TLR ligands or heat-killed microorganisms, gene transcription was assessed by real time RT-PCR. In the placentome, there was no significant variation in TLRs transcription throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy. In the endometrium, there was significant variation in TLR4 and TLR5 transcription during the three stages of gestation; i.e. TLR4 transcription was higher during the third trimester, whereas TLR5 transcription was higher during the last two trimesters. In the intercotiledonary region, there was significant variation in transcription of TLR1/6, TLR7, and TLR8, which were more strongly expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy. At the third trimester of gestation, significant transcription of CXCL6 and CXCL8 was detected mostly in endometrial tissues in response to purified TLR4 and TLR2 ligands. Transcription of these chemokines was induced in the endometrium and intercotiledonary region at the third trimester of pregnancy when stimulated with heat-killed B. abortus or S. Dublin. Therefore, this study demonstrates that some PRRs are expressed in the uterus during pregnancy, which coincides with its ability to respond to stimulation with TLRs ligands as well as heat-killed organisms known to cause abortion in cattle.

Postpartum toll-like receptors and ß-defensin 5 mRNA levels in the endometrium of Holstein cows.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and ß-defensins are important components of the innate immune system. This study aimed to evaluate endometrial mRNA levels of TLRs (1/6, 2, 4, and 5) and ß-defensin 5 in Holstein cows by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Uterine biopsies were performed from 6 to 12 h after parturition, and cows were divided into two groups: (i) cows with placental retention and clinical signs of uterine infection until 45 days postpartum (n=10) or (ii) cows with normal puerperium (n=10). All cows had detectable levels of TLRs and ß-defensin 5 mRNAs, but these levels did not differ between groups (P>0.05). Levels of TLR4 mRNA had a positive and significant correlation with the time required for uterine involution in both groups.

Desempenho de novilhas Holandês na produção de embriões F1 Holandês-Zebu, em condições tropicais / Performance of Holstein heifers for F1 Holstein-Zebu embryo production, in tropical conditions

A produção in vivo de embriões bovinos é uma alternativa para a formação e manutenção de rebanhos mestiços F1 destinados à produção de leite. Objetivou-se estudar o potencial de utilização de novilhas da raça Holandês, mantidas em pasto e suplementadas, como doadoras de embrião, nas épocas de verão e inverno. Procederam-se superovulação e coleta de embriões em sete novilhas em cada época. Foram obtidos os dados climáticos, a temperatura retal e a frequência respiratória das doadoras. No verão, observou-se maior índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) às 6h, 12h e 18h, bem como maior (P0,05) na média de estruturas recuperadas (20,14±17,47 vs. 8,57±9,40), embriões viáveis (14,57±11,91 vs. 7,14±7,24) e congeláveis (13,28±11,39 vs. 6,57±6,24) obtidos no inverno e no verão, respectivamente. Sob as condições estudadas, novilhas da raça Holandês podem ser utilizadas para a produção de embriões F1, tanto no verão, quanto no inverno.

In vivo embryo production (embryo transfer) is an alternative for F1 dairy herds formation and maintenance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of utilization of grazing and supplemented Holstein heifers as embryo donors in summer or winter. Superovulation was performed in seven heifers on each season. Climatic parameters, as well as rectal temperature and respiratory rate of donors were measured. Temperature and humidity index (THI) was higher (p0.05). Holstein heifers can be used as embryo donors in both summer and winter, under the given conditions.

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.

Avaliação dos efeitos do flunixim meglumine sobre a concentração sérica de progesterona e ciclo estral em novilhas e vacas mestiças / Assessment on the effects of flunixin meglumine on the serum concentration of progesterone and the estrous cycle in crossbred heifers and cows

Baseando-se nos mecanismos de interrupção da síntese de PGF2a em bovinos, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos do flunixin meglumine (FM) sobre o comprimento do ciclo estral e sobre os níveis de progesterona, em novilhas e vacas mestiças. Após sincronização dos estros, os animais foram divididos em grupos: controle (cinco vacas e quatro novilhas) e tratado (seis vacas e seis novilhas), sendo submetidos à colheita diária de sangue, até o estro subseqüente. Do 13o ao 18o dia, aplicou-se nos animais do grupo tratado 1,65 mg/kg intramuscular de FM, e nos do grupo controle, mesmo volume de solução fisiológica. A determinação da concentração sérica de progesterona foi realizada por RIA. Os resultados do comprimento do ciclo estral foram comparados entre os grupos e entre animais, pelo teste t de Student, enquanto a concentração de progesterona foi normalizada em relação à luteólise, e analisada entre os grupos pelo teste t de Tukey (SAS). Não se observou diferença (P>0,05) no comprimento do ciclo estral entre grupos e entre novilhas e vacas, tratadas e não tratadas. O dia do ciclo estral em relação à concentração de progesterona máxima e inferior a 1,0ng/mL, e a concentração sérica de progesterona entre os animais do grupo controle e tratado, também foram semelhantes entre os grupos (P>0,05). No entanto, observou-se diferença (P<0,05) na curva que evidencia a queda da progesterona em relação ao momento da luteólise entre os animais dos grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que, embora se tenha observado efeito do tratamento, como descrito acima, sua ação seria mais bem caracterizada se a população amostral tivesse sido maior.

This paper reports results from the assessment on the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) on the estrous cycle and serum levels of progesterone in crossbred cows and heifers. After the estrous synchronization, the animals were separated into two groups: control (5 cows and 4 heifers), and experimental (6 cows and 6 heifers). They were submitted to daily blood sampling until the next estrus. From the 13th to the 18th day of the estrous cycle, each animal from the experimental group received 1.65 mg/kg of FM by intramuscular route, while animals from the control group received equal volumes of sterile saline. Levels of progesterone were measured by radio-immune-assay. The length of estrous cycle was compared among groups and individuals by Student’s t-test, whereas the levels of progesterone were analyzed by Tukey’s t-test. There was no significant difference in the estrous cycle length among groups and individuals. The estrous cycle day, in relation to the concentration of progesterone – highest and lower to 1.0 ng/ml, and the seric concentration of progesterone among animals from both control and experimental groups were also similar (P>0.05). However, there was no difference concerning the concentration of progesterone decrease among theexperimental groups. It was concluded that, under the conditions this study was carried out, even though the effect of the treatment was observed, its action would be better characterized if the sample population were bigger.

Efeito do número de ordenhas diárias sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu / Effect of the number of daily milking on reproductive performance of crossbred (Holtein x Zebu) cows

Avaliou-se a influência do número de ordenhas diárias sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de 63 vacas mestiças (Holandês-Zebu) com boa condição corporal ao parto, distribuídas em três grupos (G) experimentais: GI – vacas ordenhadas uma vez aodia; GII – vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia; GIII – vacas ordenhadas alternadamente a cada 14 dias, uma ou duas vezesao dia. O retorno ao estro (84,3 dias; 81,7 dias e 71,2 dias); a taxa de manifestação de estro (80,9%; 80,90% e 80,90%); operíodo de serviço (99,0 dias; 114,0 dias e 93,1 dias) e a taxa de gestação até 120 dias pós-parto (66,7%; 57,1%; 66,7%) nãoforam influenciados (P>0,05) pelo aumento do número de ordenhas diárias

This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of the number of daily milking on reproductive performance of 63 crossbred(Holstein-Zebu) cows, with good body condition score at calving, allocatted into three groups (G) according the number of dailymilking: GI – cows milked once a day; GII – cows milked twice a day; GIII - cows milked alternating once or twice a day, everyfourteen days. The return to estrous (84.3 days; 81.7 days and 71.2 days); estrous rates (80.9%; 80.90% e 80.90%); serviceperiod (99.0 days; 114.0 days and 93.1 days) and pregnant rates until 120 day postpartum (66.7%; 57.1%; 66.7%) were notinfluenced (P>0.05) by the number of daily milking

Osteolytic osteomyelitis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a dog.

A dog was examined with a history of weight loss and lameness of the left hind limb. A painful response to examination of the left hip joint, and lymphadenopathy were noted. Amastigote forms of Leishmania sp. were observed by cytology in samples from the popliteus lymph node, and anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies at a titer of 1:640 were detected in serum by indirect immunofluorescence. Radiological changes included osteolysis and a periosteal proliferative reaction in the left femoral greater trochanter. These changes were histologically characterized as an osteolytic granulomatous osteomyelitis associated with amastigotes within macrophages. Non-decalcified fragments of the periosteum were processed for immunohistochemistry, observed with prominent immunolabelling of amastigotes of Leishmania sp. within macrophages. The diagnosis was further confirmed by positive PCR for Leishmania sp., belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex.

Efeito do manejo diferenciado de amamentaçäo sobre retorno da atividade ovariana e níveis sangüíneos de colesterol, glicose, uréia e progesterona, em vacas Nelore em anestro / The effect of different types of suckling management on ovarian activity reestablishment and on plasma levels of cholesterol, glucose, urea and progesterone in anestrous Nelore cows

O objetivo do presente experimento foi verificar o efeito de diferentes manejos de amamentaçäo sobre parâmetros reprodutivos e sua relaçäo com os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol, glicose, uréia e progesterona. Foram utilizadas 40 vacas pós-parto da raça Nelore distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos:T1 = shang mais uma mamada diária; T2 = shang e bezerro ao pé;T3 = uma mamada diária;e T4 = bezerro ao pé. O regime de amamentaçäo diferenciada durou 28 dias; neste período, coletaram-se amostras de sangue para análises. A interrupçäo da mamada por 67 horas(shang) foi feita no início do período experimental. O nível plasmático médio de colesterol e glicose foi inferior (P<0,05) nas vacas de T4 e T2, respectivamente. Em funçäo dos períodos avaliados dentro dos tratamentos, os níveis plasmáticos de uréia e glicose apresentaram variaçöes. Com relaçäo aos parâmetros ligados à reproduçäo, as concentraçöes plasmáticas médias de progesterona de 1,38; 2,03; e 1,39ng/mL, observados nos tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente, foram maiores (P<0,05) que 0,503ng/mL do T4, apresentando comportamento linear crescente para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, mantendo-se baixa no tratamento T4. A manifestaçäo de estro sofreu influência do manejo (P<0,05), ao contrário do retorno da atividade ovariana e da gestaçäo