Complexity and compression efficiency analysis of libaom AV1 video codec.

The recent research effort aiming to provide a royalty-free video format resulted in AOMedia Video 1 (AV1), which was launched in 2018. AV1 was developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), which groups several major technology companies such as Google, Netflix, Apple, Samsung, Intel, and many others. AV1 is currently one of the most prominent video formats and has introduced several complex coding tools and partitioning structures in comparison to its predecessors. A study of the computational effort required by the different AV1 coding steps and partition structures is essential for understanding its complexity distribution when implementing fast and efficient codecs compatible with this format. Thus, this paper presents two main contributions: first, a profiling analysis aiming at understanding the computational effort required by each individual coding step of AV1; and second, a computational cost and coding efficiency analysis related to the AV1 superblock partitioning process. Experimental results show that the two most complex coding steps of the libaom reference software implementation are the inter-frame prediction and transform, which represent 76.98% and 20.57% of the total encoding time, respectively. Also, the experiments show that disabling ternary and asymmetric quaternary partitions provide the best relationship between coding efficiency and computational cost, increasing the bitrate by only 0.25% and 0.22%, respectively. Disabling all rectangular partitions provides an average time reduction of about 35%. The analyses presented in this paper provide insightful recommendations for the development of fast and efficient AV1-compatible codecs with a methodology that can be easily replicated.

Effect of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown Essential Oil on the Human Umbilical Artery.

Lippia alba is popularly known as lemon balm, with its essential oil (EO) cited for displaying antimicrobial, sedative, and vasorelaxant effects. Yet, its action on isolated human vessels has not been described in the literature. Thus, we evaluated the vasorelaxant effect of essential oil of L. alba (EOLa) on human umbilical arteries (HUA) isolated in organ baths. HUA rings were isolated, subjected to contractions induced by potassium chloride (KCl), serotonin (5-HT), or histamine (HIST) to record the isometric tension, and then treated with EOLa (30-1000 µg/mL). The EOLa showed a more prominent inhibitory effect on the pharmacomechanical coupling contraction via HIST with an EC50 value of 277.1 ± 8.5 µg/mL and maximum relaxant effect at 600 µg/mL. The addition of tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in HUA preparations did not inhibit EOLa total relaxant effect at 1000 µg/mL. In the presence of gliblenclamide (GLI), the oil relaxed the HUA rings by 90.8% at maximum concentration. The EOLa was also investigated for its effects on voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs), where the HUA preincubation with this oil at 1000 µg/mL inhibited BaCl2 (0.1-30 mM)-induced contractions. This study demonstrates for the first time that EOla has a vasorelaxant effect on HUA and its particular blockade of VOCCs.

Protein and volatile contents in the mandibular gland of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an important sugarcane pest and mechanical injuries caused through the mandibles can allow pathogen infections. The mandibles of D. saccharalis, as well as other insects, are associated with mandibular glands with a possible function in food intake and mouthparts lubrication; however, the chemical composition of the secretion is poorly known and its elucidation is important for the comprehensive understanding of plant-insect interactions. This study characterized some proteins and volatiles in the mandibular glands of D. saccharalis larvae. MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 24 predicted proteins within 10 functional classes, including the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides; Posttranslational protein modifications; energy conversion; intracellular trafficking; transcription; translation; and cytoskeleton function. Metabolites identified from GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of hydrocarbons classified as alcohols, ether, alkanes, and esters with differences in their relative abundance. Linolenic acid, the most abundant metabolite found in this gland, when conjugated with amino acids, can be an elicitor in the plant-herbivore interaction. The results suggest the occurrence of digestive and defensive biochemical components, which may contribute to understanding of the multifunctional roles of the mandibular gland secretion of D. saccharalis larvae during feeding activity.

Theoretical and experimental spectroscopic investigation of new Eu(III)-FOD complex containing 2-pyrrolidone ligand.

The preparation and photoluminescent properties of the new [Eu(FOD)3(2-Pyr)2] complex (FOD = 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octadionate; 2-Pyr = 2-pyrrolidone) are reported. The obtained complex was characterized by elemental analysis, complexometric titration using EDTA, infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The coordination polyhedron of the complex is described as a distorted square antiprismatic with both 2-Pyr monodentate ligands coordinated to Eu(III) via the oxygen atoms, in neutral form, while the three FOD molecules are coordinated in the anionic form. Structural modeling at the PBE1PBE/SVP/MWB52 level of theory provided a geometry in excellent agreement with the one obtained experimentally. Spectroscopy properties such as intensity parameters (Ω2 and Ω4), radiative emission rate (Arad), and chemical partition of Arad for [Eu(FOD)3(2-Pyr)2] and [Eu(FOD)3(H2O)2] were calculated by using the QDC model with help of the semiempirical wavefunctions. The modeling of the ligand-to-metal energy transfer for both complexes was performed, allowing to obtain the theoretical emission quantum yield and to characterize the most relevant molecular orbitals involved.

Toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol (C15H26O): A descriptive systematic review.

The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review (SR) composed of preclinical and clinical studies which investigated the toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol [Molecular formula: C15H26O; IUPAC: (3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol]. This SR was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Literature research was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases using the descriptor combinations: "farnesol and pharmacological effect" and "farnesol and toxicology". The inclusion criteria used were original articles from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the pharmacological and toxicological effects of farnesol, published between January 1960 and December 2017 which were written in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Primary research identified 414 articles, from which 76 articles were selected for final analysis following the inclusion criteria. After grouping, 51.32 and 22.37% of the articles investigated the antimicrobial and antitumor effect, respectively. Methodological biases have been observed both in pre-clinical studies with non-human animals and in clinical trials, mainly in group allocation and blinding. This SR is the first study developed to compile the studies concerning the pharmacological and toxicological effects of farnesol. This study concludes that farnesol possesses different pharmacological and toxicological features, which permit its use as an active or a coadjuvant drug.

Considerações adaptativas e morfológicas dos ossos do membro torácico do Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae) / Adaptive and morphological considerations in bones of the thoracic member in Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae)

Tapirus terrestris is one of the largest mammals of the Americas, it is distributed from south of Brazil and Argentina, to the north of the South American continent. This study aimed to trace a brief history of the Tapirus animals emergence using a literature review and presents environmental and morphological adaptations of the cingular scapular bones of the arm, forearm and hand of T. terrestris. We used four Tapirs skeletons donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The bones were carefully analyzed and described. The Tapirus animals emerged on Earth in the beginning of Pleistocene and in South America in the Miocene. The skeleton of the scapular cingulate and arm of T. terrestris consists of the scapula and humerus bones, respectively. These bones in the species studied are quite protruding and developed. The bones that constitute the skeleton of the forearm of T. terrestris are the ulna and the radius, the bones of the hand the bones of the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and sesamoids. The bones of T. terrestris are protuberant and resistant with accidents that, apparently help to cursorial displacement. As this is a cursorial animal, it has specific morphological adaptations that relates to its niche and habitat.

Tapirus terrestris é um dos maiores mamíferos das Américas, distribuindo-se desde o Sul do Brasil e da Argentina até o norte do continente sul-americano. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, traçar um breve histórico do surgimento dos tapirídeos através de uma revisão de literatura e apresentar as adaptações morfológicas e ambientais dos ossos do cíngulo escapular, do braço, do antebraço e da mão do T. terrestris. Utilizaram-se quatro esqueletos de antas doados ao Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os ossos foram minuciosamente analisados e descritos. Os tapirídeos surgiram na Terra no início do Pleistoceno e na América do Sul no Mioceno. Os ossos do membro torácico são: escapula, úmero, rádio, ulna, ossos do carpo, metacarpo e falanges. Os achados permitiram verificar que esses ossos são protuberantes e resistentes, com acidentes que, aparentemente, auxiliam no deslocamento cursorial. Por ser um animal cursorial, o T. terrestris tem adaptações morfológicas específicas que se relacionam ao seu nicho e habitat.

Considerações adaptativas e morfológicas dos ossos do membro torácico do Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae) / Adaptive and morphological considerations in bones of the thoracic member in Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae)

Tapirus terrestris is one of the largest mammals of the Americas, it is distributed from south of Brazil and Argentina, to the north of the South American continent. This study aimed to trace a brief history of the Tapirus animals emergence using a literature review and presents environmental and morphological adaptations of the cingular scapular bones of the arm, forearm and hand of T. terrestris. We used four Tapirs skeletons donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The bones were carefully analyzed and described. The Tapirus animals emerged on Earth in the beginning of Pleistocene and in South America in the Miocene. The skeleton of the scapular cingulate and arm of T. terrestris consists of the scapula and humerus bones, respectively. These bones in the species studied are quite protruding and developed. The bones that constitute the skeleton of the forearm of T. terrestris are the ulna and the radius, the bones of the hand the bones of the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and sesamoids. The bones of T. terrestris are protuberant and resistant with accidents that, apparently help to cursorial displacement. As this is a cursorial animal, it has specific morphological adaptations that relates to its niche and habitat.(AU)

Tapirus terrestris é um dos maiores mamíferos das Américas, distribuindo-se desde o Sul do Brasil e da Argentina até o norte do continente sul-americano. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, traçar um breve histórico do surgimento dos tapirídeos através de uma revisão de literatura e apresentar as adaptações morfológicas e ambientais dos ossos do cíngulo escapular, do braço, do antebraço e da mão do T. terrestris. Utilizaram-se quatro esqueletos de antas doados ao Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os ossos foram minuciosamente analisados e descritos. Os tapirídeos surgiram na Terra no início do Pleistoceno e na América do Sul no Mioceno. Os ossos do membro torácico são: escapula, úmero, rádio, ulna, ossos do carpo, metacarpo e falanges. Os achados permitiram verificar que esses ossos são protuberantes e resistentes, com acidentes que, aparentemente, auxiliam no deslocamento cursorial. Por ser um animal cursorial, o T. terrestris tem adaptações morfológicas específicas que se relacionam ao seu nicho e habitat.(AU)

Synthesis, crystal structure and luminescence properties of the Ln(III)-picrate complexes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium as countercations.

New anionic complexes of lanthanide picrates containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIm) as countercation have been prepared. The Ln(III) complexes were characterized by complexometric titration, elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy and molar conductivity. The molecular structures of the (EMIm)2[Ln(Pic)4(H2O)2]Pic complexes, Ln(III)=Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb, and Pic=picrate, were determined by X-ray crystallography. In these structures the picrate anion appears in three forms: as uncoordinated counteranion, as monodentated and bidentate ligand. The coordination polyhedron around the Ln(III) atom can be described as tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry. The theoretical molecular structures of the complexes were also calculated using the Sparkle/PM3 model for Ln(III) complexes, allowing analysis of intramolecular energy transfer processes of the Eu(III) compound. The spectroscopic properties of the 4f(6) intraconfigurational transitions of the Eu(III) complex were then studied experimentally and theoretically. The low value of emission quantum efficiency of (5)D0 emitting level (η) of Eu(III) ion (ca. 10%) is due to the vibrational modes of the water molecule that act as luminescence quenching. In addition, the luminescence decay curves, the experimental intensity parameters (Ωλ), lifetimes (τ), radiative (Arad) and non-radiative (Anrad) decay rates, theoretical quantum yield (q) were also determined and discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of the europium(III) pentakis(picrate) complexes with imidazolium countercations: structural and photoluminescence study.

Six new lanthanide complexes of stoichiometric formula (C)(2)[Ln(Pic)(5)]--where (C) is a imidazolium cation coming from the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium picrate (BMIm-Pic), 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium picrate (BEIm-Pic), and 1,3-dibutylimidazolium picrate (BBIm-Pic), and Ln is Eu(III) or Gd(III) ions--have been prepared and characterized. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first cases of Ln(III) pentakis(picrate) complexes. The crystal structures of (BEIm)(2)[Eu(Pic)(5)] and (BBIm)(2)[Eu(Pic)(5)] compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The [Eu(Pic)(5)](2-) polyhedra have nine oxygen atoms coordinated to the Eu(III) ion, four oxygen atoms from bidentate picrate, and one oxygen atom from monodentate picrate. The structures of the Eu complexes were also calculated using the sparkle model for lanthanide complexes, allowing an analysis of intramolecular energy transfer processes in the coordination compounds. The photoluminescence properties of the Eu(III) complexes were then studied experimentally and theoretically, leading to a rationalization of their emission quantum yields.

Avaliação de indicadores antropométricos e neuromusculares de jovens escolares do ensino fundamental do interior paulista / Anthropometrical and neuromuscular evoluation of indicators fron primary school studentsin the countryside of São Paulo

O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar o desempenho de indicadores antropométricos e neuromusculares de jovens escolares em ambos os gêneros. Foram avaliados 94 alunos, 51 meninas e 43 meninos do Ensino Fundamental do Colégio São José de Batatais/SP, com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, nas variáveis antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura, percentual de gordura, IMC e massa magra) e força de membros superiores. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de frequências (absoluta e relativa). Os valores antropométricos apontam um aumento crescente dos 10 aos 14 anos para ambos os sexos. No arremesso da bola (medicine ball) para o sexo masculino, 14 alunos obtiveram classificação nos níveis esperados para a idade. No grupo das meninas, 26 alunas atingiram o nível de performance estabelecido para a faixa etária analisada. No teste da barra fixa para o sexo masculino, 11 avaliados conseguiram realizar de uma a três repetições. Enquanto que no sexo feminino, apenas 3 alunas permaneceram pelo período de tempo de suspensão na barra, padronizado para a idade avaliada. Da análise dos resultados pode ser depreendido ainda que, apesar das condições de vida favoráveis ao crescimento e desenvolvimento, o público avaliado não demonstrou o nível esperado para a faixa etária na qual se encontravam, sendo necessários novos estudos, com ampliação da amostra, que verifiquem as atividades motoras no ambiente escolar.

This study aims to identify the performance of the anthropometric and neuromuscular school youths in both genders. We evaluated 94 students, 51 girls and 43 boys of elementary school from São José in Batatais/SP, aged between 10 and 14 years in the anthropometric variables (weight, height, body fat percentage, BMI and lean mass) and strength of upper limbs. The results were analyzed using frequencies (absolute and relative). The anthropometric values show a steady increase from 10 to 14 years for both sexes. The pitch of the ball (medicine ball) for males, 14 students have been selected at levels expected for their age. In the group of girls, 26 students reached the level of performance established for the age. In the bar test sets for males, 11 evaluated were able to perform one to three repetitions. While in females, only three students remained from the period of suspension in the bar, standardizing for each age evaluated. The analysis of results can be inferred although the living conditions conducive to growth and development, assessed the public has not shown the expect level for their age in which they lay and further studies with larger sample, to check motor activities in the school environment.

The environmental cofactors in carcinogenesis in high risk HPV/HIV-positive women.

The objective of the present study was to assess the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in HIV-infected women, with comparison between the Papanicolaou cytologic technique and the molecular PCR technique, as well as to determine the type of HPV, to measure cellular immunocompetence and to identify the presence of risk factors for the acquisition of HPV infection. Thirty HIV-infected women were selected. Vaginal and endocervical samples were collected from 27 of them. The smears were examined by 3 experienced cytologists to diagnose the presence of HPV by the Papanicolaou technique and the results were compared to HPV detection and typing by PCR. HPV-infected patients were interviewed in order to identify the presence of risk factors for the acquisition of the virus. Eight of the 27 patients analyzed (29%) presented HPV in endocervical samples submitted to PCR, 6 of them (75%) presented HPV involving a high risk of development of cervical cancer. For 5 of these patients, the cytologic diagnosis was not confirmed by PCR. When cellular immunocompetence was related to HPV infection, PCR revealed a diagnosis of HPV in 37.50% of the patients at intermediate risk for HPV infection and in 83.33% of the patients at high risk for HPV infection. These immunologically compromised HPV-infected patients are at higher risk of developing cervical neoplasia. We showed here that PCR is adequate for HPV detection and that, if only the Papanicolaou method is used for the follow-up of these patients, we will not provide good prevention of cervical cancer.

The environmental cofactors in carcinogenesis in high risk HPV/HIV-positive women

The objective of the present study was to assess the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in HIV-infected women, with comparison between the Papanicolaou cytologic technique and the molecular PCR technique, as well as to determine the type of HPV, to measure cellular immunocompetence and to identify the presence of risk factors for the acquisition of HPV infection. Thirty HIV-infected women were selected. Vaginal and endocervical samples were collected from 27 of them. The smears were examined by 3 experienced cytologists to diagnose the presence of HPV by the Papanicolaou technique and the results were compared to HPV detection and typing by PCR. HPV-infected patients were interviewed in order to identify the presence of risk factors for the acquisition of the virus. Eight of the 27 patients analyzed (29 percent) presented HPV in endocervical samples submitted to PCR, 6 of them (75 percent) presented HPV involving a high risk of development of cervical cancer. For 5 of these patients, the cytologic diagnosis was not confirmed by PCR. When cellular immunocompetence was related to HPV infection, PCR revealed a diagnosis of HPV in 37.50 percent of the patients at intermediate risk for HPV infection and in 83.33 percent of the patients at high risk for HPV infection. These immunologically compromised HPV-infected patients are at higher risk of developing cervical neoplasia. We showed here that PCR is adequate for HPV detection and that, if only the Papanicolaou method is used for the follow-up of these patients, we will not provide good prevention of cervical cancer.

NOR sites detected by Ag-dAPI staining of an unusual autosome chromosome of Bradysia hygida (Diptera:Sciaridae) colocalize with C-banded heterochromatic region.

The study of chromosomes in insects is a good tool in mitotic process analysis, zoographic localization and evolution investigation. Among them, the Sciaridae offers a karyotype with a small number of chromosomes, where the heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer region, NOR, are easily analyzed in metaphase chromosomes obtained from cerebral ganglia squashes. In this work, the heterochromatic regions on Bradysia hygida mitotic chromosomes, revealed by C-banding, were identified as centromeric blocks on A and C chromosomes and as dark interstitial region in B and X chromosomes. By Ag-DAPI staining, active nucleolus organizer region, NOR, was revealed associated to the constitutive heterochromatin in the end of the C autosome chromosome. The C-band regions and the unusual ribosomal site localization are discussed.