[Prevalence and factors associated to advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado.

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis among 18,890 women assisted in a specialized hospital in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2016. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The highest prevalence of diagnosis in this condition was in women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years, black and brown, living without a partner, from other cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, who were referred by the Unified Health System and diagnosed in the 1999-2004 and 2005-2010 six-year periods. On the other hand, women aged 60-69 and 70-99 years, with some schooling level, with a family history of cancer and who arrived at the hospital with diagnosis and without treatment had lower prevalence of advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis. These results can be considered when planning secondary prevention actions to anticipate and, thus, collaborate to reduce the prevalence the breast cancer diagnosis in the most vulnerable groups.

Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado / Prevalence and factors associated to advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis

Resumo Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado.

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis among 18,890 women assisted in a specialized hospital in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2016. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The highest prevalence of diagnosis in this condition was in women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years, black and brown, living without a partner, from other cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, who were referred by the Unified Health System and diagnosed in the 1999-2004 and 2005-2010 six-year periods. On the other hand, women aged 60-69 and 70-99 years, with some schooling level, with a family history of cancer and who arrived at the hospital with diagnosis and without treatment had lower prevalence of advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis. These results can be considered when planning secondary prevention actions to anticipate and, thus, collaborate to reduce the prevalence the breast cancer diagnosis in the most vulnerable groups.

Time trends in colorectal cancer incidence in four regions of Latin America: 1983-2012.

This study aimed to assess time trends in colorectal cancer incidence from 1983 to 2012 in Latin America. This was an ecological time-series study whose population consisted of individuals aged 20 years or older diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Data from population-based cancer registries in Cali (Colombia), Costa Rica, Goiânia (Brazil), and Quito (Ecuador), were used for rates estimation, while time trends estimations were proceeded by the Joinpoint Regression Program. The study showed an increase in colorectal cancer incidence in men and women in Cali (2.8% and 3.2%, respectively), Costa Rica (3.1% and 2.1%, respectively), and Quito (2.6% and 1.2%, respectively), whereas in Goiânia, only women showed an increase in colorectal cancer rates (3.3%). For colon cancer, we observed an increasing trend in incidence rates in men and women in Cali (3.1% and 2.9%, respectively), Costa Rica (3.9% and 2.8%, respectively), and Quito (2.9% and 1.8%). For rectal cancer, we observed an increasing trend in incidence in men and women in Cali (2.5% and 2.6%, respectively), Costa Rica (2.2% and 1%, respectively), and Goiânia (5.5% and 4.6%, respectively), while in Quito only men showed an upward trend (2.8%). The study found increases in colorectal cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer in four Latin America regions. This findings reflect lifestyle, such as dietary changes, following the economic opening, and the prevalence variations of colorectal cancer risk factors by sex and between the four studied regions. Finally, the different strategies adopted by regions for colorectal cancer diagnosis and screening seem to influence the observed variation between anatomical sites.

Time trends in colorectal cancer incidence in four regions of Latin America: 1983-2012 / Tendências temporais na incidência do câncer colorretal em quatro regiões da América Latina: 1983-2012 / Tendencias temporales en la incidencia del cáncer colorrectal en cuatro regiones latinoamericanas: 1983-2012

Abstract: This study aimed to assess time trends in colorectal cancer incidence from 1983 to 2012 in Latin America. This was an ecological time-series study whose population consisted of individuals aged 20 years or older diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Data from population-based cancer registries in Cali (Colombia), Costa Rica, Goiânia (Brazil), and Quito (Ecuador), were used for rates estimation, while time trends estimations were proceeded by the Joinpoint Regression Program. The study showed an increase in colorectal cancer incidence in men and women in Cali (2.8% and 3.2%, respectively), Costa Rica (3.1% and 2.1%, respectively), and Quito (2.6% and 1.2%, respectively), whereas in Goiânia, only women showed an increase in colorectal cancer rates (3.3%). For colon cancer, we observed an increasing trend in incidence rates in men and women in Cali (3.1% and 2.9%, respectively), Costa Rica (3.9% and 2.8%, respectively), and Quito (2.9% and 1.8%). For rectal cancer, we observed an increasing trend in incidence in men and women in Cali (2.5% and 2.6%, respectively), Costa Rica (2.2% and 1%, respectively), and Goiânia (5.5% and 4.6%, respectively), while in Quito only men showed an upward trend (2.8%). The study found increases in colorectal cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer in four Latin America regions. This findings reflect lifestyle, such as dietary changes, following the economic opening, and the prevalence variations of colorectal cancer risk factors by sex and between the four studied regions. Finally, the different strategies adopted by regions for colorectal cancer diagnosis and screening seem to influence the observed variation between anatomical sites.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as tendências temporais na incidência do câncer colorretal entre 1983 e 2012 na América Latina. Este é um estudo ecológico de séries temporais com uma população de indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais, diagnosticados com câncer colorretal. Foram usados os dados dos registros de câncer de base populacional de Cáli (Colômbia), Costa Rica, Goiânia (Brasil) e Quito (Equador) para estimar taxas, enquanto as estimativas das tendências temporais foram realizadas com o software Joinpoint Regression Program. O estudo mostrou um aumento na incidência do câncer colorretal em homens e mulheres em Cáli (2,8% e 3,2%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (3,1% e 2,1%, respectivamente) e Quito (2,6% e 1,2%, respectivamente). Em Goiânia, somente as mulheres mostraram um aumento na incidência do câncer colorretal (3,3%). Para o câncer de cólon, houve uma tendência crescente na incidência em homens e mulheres em Cali (3,1% e 2,9%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (3,9% e 2,8%, respectivamente) e Quito (2,9% e 1,8%). Para o câncer retal, houve uma tendência crescente na incidência em homens e mulheres em Cali (2,5% e 2,6%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (2,2% e 1%, respectivamente) e Goiânia (5,5% e 4,6%, respectivamente), enquanto em Quito somente os homens mostraram tendência crescente (2,8%). O estudo encontrou aumentos no câncer colorretal, câncer de cólon e câncer retal em quatro regiões latino-americanas. Os achados refletem mudanças no estilo de vida, como mudanças de dieta, após a abertura econômica, e variações na prevalência de fatores de risco para câncer colorretal de acordo com gênero e entre as quatro regiões estudadas. Finalmente, as diferentes estratégias adotadas pelas regiões para o diagnóstico e triagem do câncer colorretal parecem influenciar a variação observada entre os sítios anatômicos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar las tendencias temporales en la incidencia del cáncer colorrectal, de 1983 a 2012, en Latinoamérica. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de series temporales, cuya población consistió en individuos con 20 años de edad, diagnosticados con cáncer colorrectal. Para las tasas de estimación se utilizaron los datos provenientes de los registros de cáncer de base poblacional en: Cali (Colombia), Costa Rica, Goiânia (Brasil), y Quito (Ecuador), mientras que las estimaciones en las tendencias temporales se obtuvieron mediante el software Joinpoint Regression Program. El estudio mostró un incremento en la incidencia de cáncer colorrectal en hombres y mujeres en Cali (2.8% y 3.2%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (3.1% y 2.1%, respectivamente), y Quito (2.6% y 1.2%, respectivamente). En Goiânia, solo las mujeres mostraron un incremento en las tasas de cáncer colorrectal (3.3%). Para el cáncer de colon, hubo una tendencia creciente en las tasas de incidencia en hombres y mujeres en Cali (3.1% y 2.9%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (3.9% y 2.8%, respectivamente), y Quito (2.9% y 1.8%). En el caso del cáner rectal, hubo una tendencia creciente en la incidencia en hombres y mujeres en Cali (2.5% y 2.6%, respectivamente), Costa Rica (2.2% y 1%, respectivamente), y Goiânia (5.5% y 4.6%, respectivamentre), mientras en Quito solo los hombres mostraron una tendencia creciente (2.8%). El estudio encontró incrementos en cáncer colorrectal, cáncer de colon, y cáncer rectal en cuatro regiones de Latinoamérica. Los resultados reflejan un estilo de vida con cambios en la dieta, que siguió a la apertura económica, así como variaciones en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de cancer colorrectal por sexos y entre las cuatro regiones estudiadas. Finalmente, las diferentes estrategias adoptadas por las regiones para el diagnóstico del cáncer colorrectal y su pruebas de cribado parece que influencian la variación observada entre los sitios anatómicos donde surge.

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Selected Countries of Latin America: Age-Period-Cohort Effect.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate Age-Period-Cohort effects on colorectal, colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in Latin American countries covered by high quality population-based cancer registries. METHODS: A trend study was performed using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Age-Period-Cohort effects were estimated by Poisson regression for individuals aged between 20 and 79 years with colorectal, colon and rectal cancers informed by Population-Based Cancer Registries from 1983 to 2012 in Cali (Colombia); from 1983 to 2007 in Costa Rica; and from 1988 to 2012 for both Goiânia (Brazil) and Quito (Ecuador). Goodness of fit model was tested using the deviance of the models. RESULTS: Age effect was statistically significant for both sexes in all Population-Based Cancer Registries areas and the curves slope reached peaks in the older age groups. There were cohort effects on the incidence rates for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers in all Population-Based Cancer Registries areas, except for women in Quito. Regarding the period effect, an increased ratio rate was observed in men (1.26, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.35) and women (1.23, 95%CI, 1.15 to 1.32) in Goiânia, between 2003 and 2007. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin America, age effect was observed on incidence rates for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers. Besides, birth cohort effect was identified for recent cohorts in both genders for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers in Cali and Goiânia, and cohort effect for colorectal and colon cancers in both genders in Costa Rica; while in Quito a cohort effect was only observed for rectal cancer among men. Period effect was observed in Goiânia with increased ratio rate in 2003-2007.
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Thyroid cancer in Brazil: a descriptive study of cases held on hospital-based cancer registries, 2000-2016. / Câncer de tireoide no Brasil: estudo descritivo dos casos informados pelos registros hospitalares de câncer, 2000-2016.

Objective To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of primary thyroid cancer hospital cases in Brazil. Methods This is a descriptive study of cases held on hospital cancer records who had their first consultation for treatment in the period 2000-2016 and who were monitored by the hospitals providing those records. Results Of the 52,912 cases, 83.4% were female and 96.9% were differentiated carcinoma cases. The median time to diagnosis was shorter for anaplastic cases (11 days) and for those living in Brazil's Southern region (5 days). Treatment was initiated within 60 days in 88.8% of cases that arrived at the hospitals without diagnosis and in 34.9% of those who arrived with diagnosis. Conclusion The findings are consistent with thyroid cancer epidemiology, with a predominance of female cases and differentiated carcinomas. Analysis of time-to-treatment suggests access difficulties for those who already had diagnosis when they arrived at the hospitals.

Thyroid cancer in Brazil: a descriptive study of the cases reported by the Hospital Cancer Registries, 2000-2016 / Cáncer de tiroides en Brasil: estudo descritivo de los casos informados por los registros hospitalarios, 2000-2016 / Câncer de tireoide no Brasil: estudo descritivo dos casos informados pelos registros hospitalares de câncer, 2000-2016

Objective. To describe clinical and epidemiological profile of hospital thyroid cancer cases in Brazil. Methods. Descriptive study of cases reported by hospital-based cancer registry between 2000-2016 whose monitoring was performed by the informing registry. Results. Of the 52,912 cases, 83.4% were female and 96.9% were differentiated carcinomas. The median time to diagnosis was shorter for anaplastic cases (11 days) and for Southern region (5 days). Treatment was initiated within 60 days in 88.8% of cases that arrived at the registry institution without a diagnosis and in 34.9% of those who arrived with a diagnosis. Conclusion. Findings are consistent with the epidemiology of thyroid cancer, with a predominance of female cases and differentiated carcinoma. Analyzing time-to-treatment suggests difficulties in accessing for those who arrived at the registry institutions with a diagnosis.

Objetivo. Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de casos hospitalares de câncer primário de tireoide no Brasil. Métodos. Estudo descritivo dos casos informados pelos registros hospitalares de câncer que tiveram primeira consulta para tratamento no período 2000-2016 e cujo acompanhamento foi realizado pela instituição do registro informante. Resultados. Dos 52.912 casos, 83,4% eram femininos e 96,9% eram carcinomas diferenciados. Apresentaram menor tempo mediano para diagnóstico os casos anaplásicos (11 dias) e os residentes da região Sul do país (5 dias). O tratamento foi iniciado em até 60 dias em 88,8% dos casos que chegaram à instituição do registro sem diagnóstico e em 34,9% dos que chegaram com diagnóstico. Conclusão. Os achados são consistentes com a epidemiologia do câncer de tireoide, com predominância do sexo feminino e do carcinoma diferenciado. A análise do tempo para início do tratamento sugere dificuldades de acesso para aqueles que chegaram às instituições dos registros com diagnóstico.

Câncer de tireoide no Brasil: estudo descritivo dos casos informados pelos registros hospitalares de câncer, 2000-2016 / Cáncer de tiroides en Brasil: estudo descriptivo de los casos informados por los registros hospitalarios, 2000-2016 / Thyroid cancer in Brazil: a descriptive study of cases held on hospital-based cancer registries, 2000-2016

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de casos hospitalares de câncer primário de tireoide no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo dos casos informados pelos registros hospitalares de câncer que tiveram primeira consulta para tratamento no período 2000-2016 e cujo acompanhamento foi realizado pela instituição do registro informante. Resultados: Dos 52.912 casos, 83,4% eram femininos e 96,9% eram carcinomas diferenciados. Apresentaram menor tempo mediano para diagnóstico os casos anaplásicos (11 dias) e os residentes da região Sul do país (5 dias). O tratamento foi iniciado em até 60 dias em 88,8% dos casos que chegaram à instituição do registro sem diagnóstico e em 34,9% dos que chegaram com diagnóstico. Conclusão: Os achados são consistentes com a epidemiologia do câncer de tireoide, com predominância do sexo feminino e do carcinoma diferenciado. A análise do tempo para início do tratamento sugere dificuldades de acesso para aqueles que chegaram às instituições dos registros com diagnóstico.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los casos de cáncer de tiroides en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de casos reportados por los registros hospitalarios de cáncer que tuvieron su primera consulta de tratamiento en el período 2000-2016 y el monitoreo fue realizado por la institución del registro. Resultados: De los 52.912 casos, 83,4% eran mujeres y 96,9% era de carcinomas diferenciados. El tiempo promedio hasta el diagnóstico fue menor en los anaplásicos (11 días) y en la región Sur (5 días). El tratamiento se inició dentro de los 60 días en 88.8% de los casos que llegaron a la institución de registro sin diagnóstico y en 34.9% de los que llegaron con diagnóstico. Conclusión: Los resultados son consistentes con la epidemiología del cáncer de tiroides, con predominio del sexo femenino y carcinomas diferenciados. El análisis del tiempo de tratamiento sugiere dificultades de acceso para casos que llegaron con diagnóstico.

Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of primary thyroid cancer hospital cases in Brazil. Methods: This is a descriptive study of cases held on hospital cancer records who had their first consultation for treatment in the period 2000-2016 and who were monitored by the hospitals providing those records. Results: Of the 52,912 cases, 83.4% were female and 96.9% were differentiated carcinoma cases. The median time to diagnosis was shorter for anaplastic cases (11 days) and for those living in Brazil's Southern region (5 days). Treatment was initiated within 60 days in 88.8% of cases that arrived at the hospitals without diagnosis and in 34.9% of those who arrived with diagnosis. Conclusion: The findings are consistent with thyroid cancer epidemiology, with a predominance of female cases and differentiated carcinomas. Analysis of time-to-treatment suggests access difficulties for those who already had diagnosis when they arrived at the hospitals.

Sobrevida e Fatores Prognósticos de Pacientes com Sarcoma de Kaposi Atendidos em um Centro de Assistência de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia / Survival and Prognostic Factors of Kaposi's Sarcoma Patients Attended at a High Complexity Oncology Care Center / Supervivencia y Factores Pronósticos de Pacientes con Sarcoma de Kaposi Tratados en un Centro de Atención de Alta Complejidad en Oncología

Introdução: A sobrevida do sarcoma de Kaposi ainda não é bem conhecida porque os poucos estudos que avaliaram-na foram, em maioria, conduzidos com pessoas vivendo com vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida e os fatores prognósticos pré-tratamento de pacientes com sarcoma de Kaposi associado ou não ao HIV. Método: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em uma coorte hospitalar de 81 pacientes diagnosticados com sarcoma de Kaposi entre 2000 e 2014, atendidos em um centro de assistência de alta complexidade em oncologia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A probabilidade de sobrevida em cinco anos foi estimada por meio do método de Kaplan-Meier. O modelo semiparamétrico de riscos proporcionais de Cox estimou hazard ratios (HR) e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: A sobrevida global em cinco anos foi de 50,9% (IC95%: 38,2-62,3). Os fatores associados ao óbito foram idade ≥50 anos (HR: 4,19; IC95%: 1,5-11,29) e sorologia anti-HIV positiva (HR: 5,82; IC95%: 1,90-17,85). Conclusão:A coorte apresentou sobrevida baixa. O prognóstico foi influenciado pela idade ≥50 anos e sorologia anti-HIV positiva, devendo esses fatores serem considerados na avaliação de risco pré-tratamento.

Introduction: The survival of Kaposi's sarcoma is still not well known because the few studies that evaluated it were mostly conducted with people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective:To assess survival and pre-treatment prognostic factors in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma associated or not with HIV. Method: Retrospective study conducted in a hospital cohort of 81 patients diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma between the years 2000 and 2014 treated at a high complexity care center in oncology in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The probability of 5-year survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated following Cox's semi-parametric model of proportional hazards. Results:The overall 5-year survival was 50.9% (95%CI: 38.2-62.3). The factors associated with death were age ≥50 years (HR: 4.19; 95%CI: 1.5-11.29) and positive anti-HIV serology (HR: 5.82; 95%CI: 1.90-17.85). Conclusion:The cohort had low survival. The prognosis was influenced by age ≥50 years and positive anti-HIV serology, and these factors should be considered in the pre-treatment risk assessment

Introducción: La supervivencia del sarcoma de Kaposi aún no se conoce bien porque los pocos estudios que lo evaluaron se realizaron, en su mayoría, con personas que viven con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Objetivo: Evaluar la supervivencia y los factores pronósticos previos al tratamiento en pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi asociado o no con VIH. Método: Estudio retrospectivo realizado en una cohorte hospitalaria de 81 pacientes diagnosticados con sarcoma de Kaposi entre 2000 y 2014 tratados en un centro de atención oncológica de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. La probabilidad de supervivencia a cinco años se estimó utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier. El modelo de riesgos proporcionales semiparamétricos de Cox estimó las razones de riesgo (HR) y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: La tasa de supervivencia general a cinco años fue del 50,9% (IC95%: 38,2-62,3). Los factores asociados con la muerte fueron edad ≥50 años (HR: 4,19; IC95%: 1,5-11,29) y serología positiva contra el VIH (HR: 5,82; IC95%: 1,90-17,85) Conclusión: La cohorte mostró baja supervivencia. El pronóstico estuvo influenciado por la edad ≥50 años y la serología positiva contra el VIH, y estos factores deben considerarse en la evaluación de riesgos previa al tratamiento.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a 5-years survival study at a referral hospital in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Although the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) therapy is considered excellent over time, some cases have a poorer prognosis and evolve into death. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the 5-year specific survival and to identify prognosis factors in a cohort of DTC adult subjects. METHODS: Survival probability was estimated by Kaplan-Meier's method in a retrospective hospital-based cohort study. Comparisons were made by log-rank test. Prognosis factors were identified using Cox risk modeling and crude and adjusted Hazard Ratio measures were obtained. Two models were estimated, considering age grouping of the 7th and 8th editions of TNM. RESULTS: Specific 5-year survival in the cohort was 98.5% (95%CI: 94.2 - 97.5). Considering TNM 7th edition, the risk estimates were 9.88 (95%CI: 1.67 - 58.33) for age group ≥ 55 years, 18.87 (95%CI: 7.38 - 48.29) for individuals with distant metastasis, 6.36 (95%CI: 2.26 - 17.91) for patients who underwent lymphadenectomy and 0.16 (95%CI: 0.06 - 0.43) for those who received radioiodine therapy. For TNM 8th edition, the risk estimates were 10.12 (95%CI: 2.05 - 50.09) for age group ≥ 55 years, 12.43 (95%CI: 4.58 - 33.77) for individuals with distant metastasis, 5.06 (95%CI: 1.82 - 14.05) for patients who underwent lymphadenectomy and 0.19 (95%CI: 0.07 - 0.51) for those who received radioiodine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort had a very high survival over a 5-year period. The prognosis was negatively influenced by age, distant metastasis and lymphadenectomy, whereas radioiodine therapy was found to be protective.

Thyroid Cancer Incidences From Selected South America Population-Based Cancer Registries: An Age-Period-Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased substantially worldwide. However, there is a lack of knowledge about age-period-cohort (APC) effects on incidence rates in South American countries. This study describes the TC incidence trends and analyzes APC effects in Cali, Colombia; Costa Rica; Goiânia, Brazil; and Quito, Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series, and the crude and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated. Trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change, and APC models were estimated using Poisson regression for individuals between age 20 and 79 years. RESULTS: An increasing trend in age-standardized incidence rates was observed among women from Goiânia (9.2%), Costa Rica (5.7%), Quito (4.0%), and Cali (3.4%), and in men from Goiânia (10.0%) and Costa Rica (3.4%). The APC modeling showed that there was a period effect in all regions and for both sexes. Increasing rate ratios were observed among women over the periods. The best fit model was the APC model in women from all regions and in men from Quito, whereas the age-cohort model showed a better fit in men from Cali and Costa Rica, and the age-drift model showed a better fit among men from Goiânia. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that overdiagnosis is a possible explanation for the observed increasing pattern of TC incidence. However, some environmental exposures may also have contributed to the observed increase.

Câncer de tireoide: estudo do efeito idade-período-coorte na incidência, análise do perfil da atenção oncológica no sistema único de saúde e sobrevida de uma coorte hospitalar do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo desta tese foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o câncer de tireoide (CT),analisando seu comportamento em coorte populacional e hospitalar. Foram elaborados trêsartigos científicos. O primeiro foi um estudo do efeito idade-período-coorte (APC) sobre aincidência do CT em Goiânia, Cali, Costa Rica e Quito. A tendência da incidência foi analisadapela variação percentual anual estimada e os modelos APC foram estimados por regressão dePoisson. O segundo artigo foi um estudo descritivo do perfil clínico-epidemiológico da coortehospitalar de pacientes da rede pública diagnosticados com carcinoma de tireoide no Brasil.Para tal, foi utilizado a base de dados nacional dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC). Oterceiro artigo foi uma análise de sobrevida da coorte de pacientes com carcinoma diferenciadoda tireoide (CDT) atendidos no Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Asobrevida foi estimada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Os efeitos dos fatores prognósticos foramanalisados seguindo-se o modelo semi-paramétrico de riscos proporcionais de Cox. O primeiroartigo mostrou uma tendência de aumento da incidência do câncer de tireóide, especialmentepara as mulheres em Goiânia (9,2%), Costa Rica (5,7%), Quito (4,0%) e Cali (3,4%), e para oshomens em Goiânia (10,0%) e na Costa Rica (3,4%). Os modelos APC mostraram um efeitode período para todas as regiões e ambos os sexos. O segundo artigo mostrou um aumento daproporção de casos diagnosticados nos estádios I, III e IV no estado de São Paulo. Cerca de63,0% dos casos que chegaram às instituições com diagnóstico levaram mais do que 60 diaspara iniciar o tratamento, sendo esse percentual maior na região Norte (84,0%). O terceiro artigomostrou que a sobrevida específica em 5 anos da coorte de CDT foi de 95,8%. O diagnósticona faixa etária ≥ 45 anos, a metástase à distância e a linfadenectomia influenciaramnegativamente o prognóstico, com HR de 9,9, 18,9 e 6,4, respectivamente...

The aim of this thesis was better understanding thyroid cancer pattern in a populationbased level, and follow a hospital-based cohort of patients. This thesis is composed by threearticles. The first one was an age-period-cohort study of thyroid incidence in Goiania, Cali,Costa Rica and Quito. Trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change(EAPC) and APC models were estimated using Poisson regression. Second part was adescriptive study of hospital-based cohort of patients diagnosed with primary thyroidcarcinoma, in Brazil. For this purpose, the national database of the hospital-based cancerregistries was used. Third part was a survival analysis of a hospital-based cohort ofdifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients treated in Brazilian National Cancer Institute(INCA). Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier. The effects of variables were analyzed bysemi-parametric model of proportion risk of Cox. First part of thesis shows an increased inincidence of thyroid cancer, especially for women in Goiania (9.2%), Costa Rica (5.7%), Quito(4.0%) and Cali (3.4%). Among men, increased were observed in Goiania (10,0%) and CostaRica (3,4%). In addition, a strong period effect was observed in all region, in both sexes. Secondpart, it was observed an increased in proportion of cases in stages I, III and IV, in São Paulostate. Around 63% who arrived at institutions with the diagnosis spent more than 60 days tostart the treatment, being higher proportion in North region (84.0%). In relation to survival, theconditional probability to survive in five years was 95.8% in the cohort diagnosed to DTC. Thediagnosis for those 45 years old and more, distant metastasis, and lymphadenectomy predicteda poor prognosis and high risk of death, HR 9,9, 18,9 e 6,4, respectively...