Prevalence of Sensory Dysfunction in Smell and/or Taste in Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury and Link to Demographics and Comorbidities.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) entails chronic neurological symptoms and deficits, such as smell and taste impairment. In the general population, a prevalence of 13.5% for smell impairment, 17% for taste impairment, and 2.2% for both have been reported. Studies establishing prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in the U.S. general population showed that prevalence increased with age and was higher in ethnic minorities and men. To understand the mechanisms that lead to these deficits, the prevalence of sensory dysfunction was studied in the Veteran TBI population of the VA Caribbean Healthcare System (VACHS). The aims were to find the prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in smell and/or taste in TBI patients at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic and its association with demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities. The hypothesis was that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste of VACHS Veterans (mostly Hispanics minority) with TBI will be higher than the one historically reported in the literature for the U.S. general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective record review was held at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020 (before coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) to evaluate the prevalence of sensory dysfunction. Data on demographics and comorbidities in the electronic medical records, and the TBI Second-Level Evaluation note, that was previously completed by a physician from the Polytrauma Clinic at the VACHS to diagnose and characterized the TBI event, were reviewed. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. To establish the relation among demographic characteristics and comorbidities with the prevalence of smell and/or taste sensory dysfunction, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used. RESULTS: A total of 81 records were reviewed. This corresponded to all the patients diagnosed with TBI in the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020. The prevalence of sensory dysfunction in the studied population was 38.3%. Men tend to present a higher prevalence of smell and/or taste dysfunction (40.0%) in comparison with women (16.7%); however, the difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = .399). Hispanics had a relatively higher prevalence of sensory dysfunction than non-Hispanics, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .210). Forty-nine subjects were combat Veterans (60.5%). There was a significant correlation regarding the combat status of the subjects (P = .014), where 24 of the 49 combat Veterans presented smell and/or taste dysfunction (49.0%). A marginal significance was observed for obesity; obese participants were less likely to have a significant smell and/or taste dysfunction (P = .053). CONCLUSION: The investigators found that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste in VACHS Veterans with TBI was 38.3% (n = 31). A significant association was found between smell and/or taste dysfunction and being a combat veteran (P = .018). A marginally significant association to obesity was also observed (P = .053). To the scientific community, the results will serve as a base for sensorial dysfunction and TBI research given that this prevalence, and the correlation to demographics and comorbidities, has not been fully established in the Veteran population.

Enhancing Language Access: A Pilot Study to Examine the Importance of Understanding the Language Preference and Acculturalization Level in the Provision of Healthcare for Hispanics Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this pilot study was to obtain preliminary data to culturally adapt the Veteran Health Administration Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) assessment instruments for the Hispanic Veteran population. A qualitative analysis explored the cognitive processes used by Hispanic Veterans whose preferred language was Spanish to understand a specific set of screening questions within the Initial TBI Screening, the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation, the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), and the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LTCQ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A certified translator completed translation of the TBI instruments, an expert panel resolved inadequate expressions of the translations, and translated instruments were back translated. Male and female Hispanic Veterans with a positive TBI screening underwent a recorded administration of the TBI instruments, including LTCQ, followed by systematic debriefing using semi-structured cognitive interviews which then underwent qualitative analysis. The Marin's Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics, the Tropp's Psychological Acculturation Scale, the English-Language Proficiency Test Series, and the TBI Demographic and Language Preference interview were administered to the subjects. RESULTS: Fifteen subjects were enrolled for the TBI instruments intervention; 11 of them completed all the additional procedures. The TBI instruments intervention seemed to produce very few variations, indicating adequate cultural equivalence. However, the LTCQ instrument showed suggested cultural variations, but did not suggest a lack of understanding or misinterpretation. The population studied displayed preferential connectedness to the Hispanic/Latino culture and to the Spanish language. The LTCQ indicated that subjects perceived themselves as having a worse execution in terms of communication skills than historical control and TBI groups. English-Language Proficiency Test Series found that most of the subject population did not demonstrate mastery of grade-appropriate basic social and academic vocabulary in English. CONCLUSION: Current findings highlight the importance of using linguistically and culturally appropriate materials upon evaluating Hispanic Veterans with a suspected TBI who have Spanish as their primary or preferred language.