PET-CT has low specificity for mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer in an endemic area for tuberculosis: a diagnostic test study (LACOG 0114).

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to assess the performance of 18F-FDG PET-CT on mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a location with endemic granulomatous infectious disease. METHODS: Diagnostic test study including patients aged 18 years or older with operable stage I-III NSCLC and indication for a mediastinal lymph node biopsy. All patients underwent a 18F-FDG PET-scan before invasive mediastinal staging, either through mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy, which was considered the gold-standard. Surgeons and pathologists were blinded for scan results. Primary endpoint was to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of PET-CT with images acquired in the 1st hour of the exam protocol, using predefined cutoffs of maximal SUV, on per-patient basis. RESULTS: Overall, 85 patients with operable NSCLC underwent PET-CT scan followed by invasive mediastinal staging. Mean age was 65 years, 49 patients were male and 68 were white. One patient presented with active tuberculosis and none had HIV infection. Using any SUV_max > 0 as qualitative criteria for positivity, sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 and 0.45, respectively. Nevertheless, even when the highest SUV cut-off was used (SUV_max ≥5), specificity remained low (0.79), with an estimated positive predictive value of 54%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are in line with the most recent publications and guidelines, which recommend that PET-CT must not be solely used as a tool to mediastinal staging, even in a region with high burden of tuberculosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The LACOG 0114 study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , before study initiation, under identifier NCT02664792.

A systematic review of cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder.

INTRODUCTION: It has been shown that bipolar disorder (BD) has a direct impact on neurocognitive functioning and behavior. This finding has prompted studies to investigate cognitive enhancement programs as potential treatments for BD, primarily focusing on cognitive reinforcement and daily functioning and not restricted to psychoeducation and coping strategies, unlike traditional psychosocial treatments. OBJECTIVE: This study presents a systematic review of controlled trials of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for BD. Our main objective is to describe the results of studies of rehabilitation programs for BD and related methodological issues. METHOD: Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase) were conducted to identify articles using terms related to BD and CR. The methodological quality of each article was measured using the 5-item Jadad scale. RESULTS: A total of 239 articles were initially identified, but after application of exclusion criteria, only four were retained for this review. An average of 17 hours of intervention sessions were conducted, distributed as 0.95 hours per week and three of the four studies reported better executive function performance after CR interventions. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find robust evidence to support cognitive rehabilitation as an effective treatment for BD, because of: 1) the variety of intervention designs; 2) the methodological limitations of the studies; and 3) the lack of studies in the field.

A systematic review of cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder / Revisão sistemática sobre reabilitação cognitiva para o transtorno bipolar

Introduction: It has been shown that bipolar disorder (BD) has a direct impact on neurocognitive functioning and behavior. This finding has prompted studies to investigate cognitive enhancement programs as potential treatments for BD, primarily focusing on cognitive reinforcement and daily functioning and not restricted to psychoeducation and coping strategies, unlike traditional psychosocial treatments. Objective: This study presents a systematic review of controlled trials of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for BD. Our main objective is to describe the results of studies of rehabilitation programs for BD and related methodological issues. Method: Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase) were conducted to identify articles using terms related to BD and CR. The methodological quality of each article was measured using the 5-item Jadad scale. Results: A total of 239 articles were initially identified, but after application of exclusion criteria, only four were retained for this review. An average of 17 hours of intervention sessions were conducted, distributed as 0.95 hours per week and three of the four studies reported better executive function performance after CR interventions. Conclusions: We did not find robust evidence to support cognitive rehabilitation as an effective treatment for BD, because of: 1) the variety of intervention designs; 2) the methodological limitations of the studies; and 3) the lack of studies in the field.

Introdução: Tem sido demonstrado que o transtorno bipolar (TB) tem um impacto direto sobre o funcionamento neurocognitivo e o comportamento. Tais achados têm fomentado outros estudos para investigar o efeito de programas de aprimoramento cognitivo como potenciais intervenções no TB, focados principalmente no treino cognitivo e no funcionamento diário e não restrito a psicoeducação e estratégias de enfrentamento de problemas, como os tratamentos psicossociais tradicionais. Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos controlados que avaliaram reabilitação cognitiva (RC) para TB. Nosso objetivo principal é descrever os resultados desses estudos acerca de programas de reabilitação para TB e questões metodológicas relacionadas. Métodos: Foram realizadas pesquisas em bancos de dados (MEDLINE, Web of Science e Embase) para identificar artigos utilizando termos relacionados a RC e TB. A qualidade metodológica de cada artigo foi mensurada usando a escala JADAD de 5 itens. Resultados: Um total de 239 artigos foram identificados inicialmente, dos quais apenas quatro foram analisados nesta revisão após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão. Uma média de 17 horas de sessões de intervenção foram realizadas, com uma distribuição de 0,95 horas por semana. Três dos quatro estudos relataram melhor desempenho na função executiva após intervenções de RC. Conclusões: Não foram encontradas evidências suficientes que sustentem a reabilitação cognitiva como um tratamento efetivo do TB, devido: 1) à variedade de modelos de intervenção; 2) às limitações metodológicas dos estudos; e 3) à escassez de estudos na área.

Assessing Affective and Deliberative Decision-Making: Adaptation of the Columbia Card Task to Brazilian Portuguese.

UNLABELLED: The ability to predict reward and punishment is essential for decision-making and the ability to learn about an ever-changing environment. Therefore, efforts have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying decision-making, especially regarding how affective and deliberative processes interact with risk behavior. OBJECTIVE: To adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Columbia Card Task (CCT) and investigate affective and deliberative processes involved in decision-making. METHODS: This study had two main phases: (1) a transcultural adaptation and (2) a pilot study. RESULTS: The feedback manipulation among the three conditions of CCT had an effect on the risk-taking level (p < .005, ES = .201). In addition, the feedback manipulation among the three conditions of CCT had an effect on the information use at both the individual and group levels. Further, a linear regression suggested that the use of information, indicated by the advantageous level of the scenarios, predict the number of cards chosen R 2 = .029, p < .001, accounting for 17% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian CCT performs well and is a versatile method for the assessment of affective and deliberative decision-making under risk according to different feedback manipulation scenarios. This study goes further, comparing electrodermal activity during hot and warm conditions and addressing an advantageous level index analysis to asses deliberative processing.

Assessing affective and deliberative decision-making: adaptation of the Columbia card task to Brazilian Portuguese

The ability to predict reward and punishment is essential for decision-making and the ability to learn about an ever-changing environment. Therefore, efforts have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying decision- making, especially regarding how affective and deliberative processes interact with risk behavior. Objective: To adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Columbia Card Task (CCT) and investigate affective and deliberative processes involved in decision-making. Methods: This study had two main phases: (1) a transcultural adaptation and (2) a pilot study. Results: The feedback manipulation among the three conditions of CCT had an effect on the risk-taking level (p < .005, ES = .201). In addition, the feedback manipulation among the three conditions of CCT had an effect on the information use at both the individual and group levels. Further, a linear regression suggested that the use of information, indicated by the advantageous level of the scenarios, predict the number of cards chosen R2 = .029, p < .001, accounting for 17% of the variance. Conclusions: The Brazilian CCT performs well and is a versatile method for the assessment of affective and deliberative decision-making under risk according to different feedback manipulation scenarios. This study goes further, comparing electrodermal activity during hot and warm conditions and addressing an advantageous level index analysis to asses deliberative processing (AU)

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