The Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC): Development and preliminary results.

Introduction: Violence against women (VAW) is a worldwide social and health problem of epidemic proportions. This violence is preventable, and bystander programs are one of the possible preventative strategies. The main purpose of this research was to develop a tool that, by applying a contrastive methodology for its application in different forms of violence (forms of gender-based violence, such as intimate partner VAW, sexual harassment at work, and street harassment, and common violence, such as a robbery), would allow measuring the probability of occurrence of bystander response in the face of these types of violence with good evidence of content validity. Method: Firstly (Study 1), an initial version of a measure tool, the Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC), was developed; secondly (Study 2), a Delphi (modified) study was carried out to obtain valid, content-based evidence; and finally (Study 3), a pilot study was carried out to evaluate the appropriate functioning of the QIHVC and, if required, to make any necessary adjustments. Results and discussion: The main result is the development of a set of case scenarios and a questionnaire related to its content which constitutes the QIHVC and, in its initial approximation, seems to constitute an adequate and sensible tool to capture the differences between the characterizations of common violence and VAW and in the possible response of bystanders in the face of such violence.

Personal Traits of the People Who Help: The Case of Bystanders to Violence against Women.

Within the context of emergency situations, the terms witness or bystander are used to refer to individuals involved in oppressive incidents who are neither the victim nor the perpetrator. Among the different types of emergency situations, our study focuses on violence against women (VAW). In keeping with current efforts in the scientific literature on bystander intervention and the evidence currently available, the main focus of this study is to analyze some personal factors that reflect the characteristics or experiences of bystanders and that could have a bearing on their predisposition to help victims of VAW (i.e., empathy, a just world belief system, and expectations of self-efficacy) and later analyze the possible relationship between these personal characteristics and gender or previous experience as a VAW bystander. An opportunity sample of 546 Spanish participants (73.4% women and 26.6% men) between 18 and 56 years of age took part in this study and fill out a sociodemographic data sheet, a questionnaire to evaluate the experience as violence witness designed ad hoc, and the Characteristics of People who Help Questionnaire scale (CPHQ). The results obtained indicate that CPHQ could constitute an adequate measure for the three dimensions analyzed. Female participants are significantly more empathetic than males, but in the case of a just world belief and expectations of self-efficacy the results showed no gender-related differences. Additionally, only a just world belief was clearly influenced by having been a bystander to some form of VAW. In conclusion, this study contributes a proposal for an evaluating instrument featuring three relevant personal characteristics in the development of helping behaviors, presenting some results of interest regarding empathy, a just world belief, and expectations of self-efficacy and their relationship with gender or previous experiences as VAW bystanders. These results obtained suggest an initial path toward future research in the development of interventions with bystander participation in our environment.

Bystanders of intimate partner violence against women and their willingness to intervene: An analysis of secondary data in Spain (2005-2020).

Recent decades have seen a growing acknowledgement of violence against women (VAW) as a serious social and public health problem of epidemic proportions. The prevention of VAW and intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) has become a priority within this context, and includes various prevention strategies such as social participation and helping behaviors. In different countries, conducting research on help-seeking behavior and bystander intervention in cases of VAW is a common practice, but addressing these issues is much less common in Spain. In this context, the objective of this study is to provide a preliminary estimation of the volume of bystanders in cases of IPVAW in Spain between 2005 and 2020 (since the entry into force of Organic Law 1/2004), their willingness to intervene and, in the case of intervention, the type of helping behavior (real or hypothetical) preferred, using the sources (secondary data) available (specifically, survey data, as the surveys of social perception of gender violence and the 2014 and 2019 macro-surveys, and also administrative data, as the database of reports filed). The data analyzed allow us to determine that, in fact, in the cases of IPVAW there are usually persons within the victim's inner circle who are firsthand witnesses or have been informed by the victim of the existence of this type of violence, but, although the bystanders generally claim they would engage in an active and supportive response, this is in fact not always the case. These results underscore the need to develop intervention programs aimed at IPVAW bystanders to improve their reaction and contribute to the development of helpful and efficient active responses.

Street Sexual Harassment: Experiences and Attitudes among Young Spanish People.

Violence against women (VAW) is gender-based violence directed at women and girls on account of being female that can take on multiple forms and manifest in different contexts. Among the many possible forms of VAW, this article focuses on "piropos", a type of stranger harassment situation. Specifically, the objectives of this study were two-fold: to analyze the usefulness of a tool to evaluate social attitudes towards this form of VAW and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables and prior victimization (whether as a witness or victim) on attitudes towards this type of violence among Spanish youth. An opportunity sample of 538 young Spanish people took part in this study. They filled out a sociodemographic data sheet, a victimization questionnaire designed ad hoc, and a questionnaire on attitudes towards "piropos". The results obtained indicate that the questionnaire was adequate for use as a tool to evaluate social attitudes towards this type of VAW and suggest its applicability for future studies on attitudes towards "piropos" as a type of stranger harassment situation in a Spanish context. Moreover, the results on victimization not only corroborate the magnitude of street sexual harassment in Spain and a direct effect of gender on the perception of the violence experienced, they also reinforce the need to further investigate new aspects. Regarding attitudes towards "piropos", the results obtained indicate that, in general, participants demonstrated negative attitudes or rejection, and these feelings were particularly strong among women.

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: An Exploratory Study.

There is consistent evidence that attitudes are important in understanding how people react and behave toward victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women. Researchers have typically measured these attitudes through self-reports. However, explicit measures are prone to socially desirable responding. The overall objective of our research is to provide multimethod measures of public attitudes (explicit and implicit) toward intimate partner violence against women. An opportunity sample of 190 Psychology undergraduates (32 men and 158 women) took part in this study and completed two self-reports: the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating. In addition, they completed a personalized Implicit Association Test, the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test. This study provides evidence of the best way to apply the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (with feedback) and the best procedure for estimating the Implicit Association Test effect (built-in error penalty). The findings are also consistent with previous research and exhibit a significant disparity between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women. These findings, although still preliminary, provide interesting information that affirms the need to incorporate implicit measures of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women into research on this social problem.

The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women.

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Measurement of supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among a Spanish-speaker sample.

Intimate partner violence is the most common type of violence against women. Attitudes towards this violence are increasingly recognized as key to understanding this social and public health problem because a social environment that accepts or even supports it creates a climate that breeds further violence and encourages their perpetration. The evidence available shows that these attitudes are influenced by different individual, organizational and community factors, and that the supportive attitudes are generally more common among males, and among older and less educated people. This paper presents two cross-sectional studies which aim to obtain a deeper understanding of supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in a Spanish-speakers context. Results obtained show that the two questionnaires used may be useful for evaluating supporting attitudes towards this violence in Spanish-speaking samples. Thus, the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence (IPDMV), one of the one of the most widely used tools to this aim among Spanish-speakers, includes information regarding the minimization of this violence and the responsibility of perpetrators, and it seems better able to capture the effect of previous training, which would be consistent with the fact that it was initially designed to detect the effects of interventions; and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence (IBIPV), a new tool recently designed to this aim, is more focused on supportive attitudes and seems more effective for capturing differences between men and women in blaming victims and exonerating perpetrators. Additionally, the results obtained allow us to complement previous studies on the effects that factors such as gender, age, or previous training have on supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women.

Comparing Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is an epidemic social and public health problem. Research has consistently found evidence for a complex etiology of IPVAW resulting from the interaction of many factors, among which gender-related norms and attitudes are among the main drivers of this violence. Public attitudes toward IPVAW are especially important because attitudes rejecting, condoning, or fostering such behavior are social factors that contribute to a climate of tolerance or refusal that can shape the social environment in which such violence takes place. Given the importance of these attitudes, the availability of reliable, valid, and concise measures is critical for both research and intervention purposes. The evidence shows a probable bias of direct or explicit assessment measures of IPVAW attitudes, and it has been suggested that they should be complemented by indirect or implicit measures. In this context, the main aim of this paper was to examine how implicit and explicit attitudes toward IPVAW differ among a Spanish population. An opportunity sample of 693 students took part in this study. Two direct or explicit measures (the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, IPDMV, and the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence, IBIPV) and one indirect or implicit measure [the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT), a personalized form of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)] were applied. The results obtained show that the psychometric characteristics of the implicit measure used (GV-IAT) are acceptable. Additionally, we obtained significant differences by gender, IPVAW knowledge, IPVAW involvement, and political opinion when we measured IPVAW attitudes by implicit measures. However, when we measured these attitudes by explicit measures, we only obtained significant differences by gender and political opinion. Finally, the results highlight the important differences between the levels of strong IPVAW rejection measured with explicit and implicit measures, confirming the traditional discrepancy between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes. In summary, the results obtained provide additional support for the idea that GV-IAT constitutes a promising assessment tool to complement explicit measures for attitudes toward IPVAW.

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle.

Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these supportive attitudes throughout the lifecycle. An opportunity sample of 200 Spanish participants, by age and sex fixed quotas, took part in this study. Attitudes were measured using the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence and the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test, a personalized form of Implicit Association Test (IAT). The results show that explicitly measured supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women differ between age groups, adopting a U-shape distribution: lower acceptance among middle-aged-adults and young-adults and higher acceptance among adolescents and older adults. However, when these attitudes were implicitly measured, the IPVAW rejection increased with age, which is a counter-intuitive result and inconsistent with previous theoretical evidence. In summary, these results support an age effect that differs according to the measure of attitudes used and highlight some difficulties related to based-on-reaction-time measures among older people. This suggests the need for further research on the topic, especially among the older population.

The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Beliefs and attitudes about intimate partner violence against women in Spain / Creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja en España

Background: Some attitudes serve to justify violence against women, to blame women for the violence they experience, and to perpetuate levels of this violence. These attitudes often stem from traditional norms and beliefs which are important to identify. The purpose of this study is to compare beliefs about intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) between two time points, examining the effect of the respondents - sex and previous academic-training. Method: Two opportunity samples of undergraduates took part in this study: 1,392 in 2006 (34.4% men and 65.6% women) and 730 in 2018 (36.3% men and 63.7% women). A four-factor model from the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV) was used after assessing fit through CFA. Results: Significant differences between 2006 and 2018 in all factors were found using MANCOVA (covariable: age). Differences were also found by sex and previous academic-training, and effects of interaction in the first factor between these variables and the time point. Conclusions: The beliefs and distorted thoughts about women and violence fell between the two time points analysed, with less acceptance of these beliefs among women and people with prior IPVAW academic-training

Antecedentes: algunas actitudes sirven para justificar la violencia contra las mujeres, culparlas por la violencia que experimentan, y perpetuar los niveles de esta violencia. Estas actitudes a menudo se derivan de normas y creencias tradicionales que es importante identificar. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar las creencias sobre violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja (IPVAW) entre dos momentos temporales, analizando el efecto del sexo y la formación académica previa. Método: se utilizan dos muestras de conveniencia: 1.392 estudiantes universitarios en 2006 (34,4% hombres y 65,6% mujeres) y 730 en 2018 (36,3% hombres y 63,7% mujeres). Se emplea un modelo de cuatro factores del Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia (IPDMV), tras evaluar el ajuste mediante AFC. Resultados: se obtienen, mediante MANCOVA (covariable: edad), diferencias significativas entre 2006 y 2018 en todos los factores. Se observan asimismo diferencias por sexo y formación académica previa, y efectos de interacción en el primer factor entre estas variables y el momento temporal. Conclusiones: las creencias y pensamientos distorsionados sobre la mujer y la violencia disminuyen entre los dos momentos analizados, y son menores en las mujeres y las personas con formación académica previa en IPVAW

Beliefs and attitudes about intimate partner violence against women in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Some attitudes serve to justify violence against women, to blame women for the violence they experience, and to perpetuate levels of this violence. These attitudes often stem from traditional norms and beliefs which are important to identify. The purpose of this study is to compare beliefs about intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) between two time points, examining the effect of the respondents– sex and previous academic-training. METHOD: Two opportunity samples of undergraduates took part in this study: 1,392 in 2006 (34.4% men and 65.6% women) and 730 in 2018 (36.3% men and 63.7% women). A four-factor model from the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV) was used after assessing fit through CFA. RESULTS: Significant differences between 2006 and 2018 in all factors were found using MANCOVA (covariable: age). Differences were also found by sex and previous academic-training, and effects of interaction in the first factor between these variables and the time point. CONCLUSIONS: The beliefs and distorted thoughts about women and violence fell between the two time points analysed, with less acceptance of these beliefs among women and people with prior IPVAW academic-training.

Batterer Intervention Programs in Spain: An Analysis of Their Effectiveness.

Intimate partner violence against women is a social and women's health concern. Much effort has gone into providing services and support for victims of this violence. By contrast, intervention programs focusing on the batterers themselves have received far less attention. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs (BIPs) implemented in Spain as provided by research published in peer-reviewed journals and scientific reports. The results obtained show that assessment focuses mainly on evaluating whether there is an improvement in the psychological variables of abusers. In cases where the rate of success or failure is analyzed, it is important to note the high drop-out rates observed, and the wide variability in success and improvement rates obtained. In summary, the results obtained in this revision allow to corroborate the assumption that associated with BIP is a lot of controversy, since its construction, its implementation, its assessment, and its effectiveness.

Programas de intervención con maltratadores en España: la perspectiva de los/as profesionales / Batterer intervention programs in Spain: The professionals’ perspective

La implementación de la Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género ha tenido, entre otras consecuencias, la generalización de programas de intervención con maltratadores en casos de violencia de género aplicados en España. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el punto de vista de profesionales especializados/as sobre estos programas. Para ello, se optó por una metodología cualitativa, realizando entrevistas semiestructuradas a 65 informantes clave, esto es, profesionales con experiencia en implementar y/o gestionar y evaluar este tipo de programas. En general, estos/as profesionales estaban satisfechos/as con los programas en los que habían participado y los valoraban de forma positiva, considerando que determinadas características de los participantes y de los propios programas contribuyen a favorecer o dificultar el éxito de estos y que podrían obtenerse mejores resultados al personalizar las intervenciones. Estos resultados ofrecen información valiosa para comprender las dificultades halladas al implementar estos programas y para mejorarlos

The Organic Law 1/2004 of 28 December on Integrated Protection Measures against Gender Violence has had, among other consequences, the generalization of intervention programs for batterers in cases of gender violence. The objective of this research is to explore the point of view of specialized professionals about these programs. For this purpose a qualitative methodology was used, by applying semi-structured interviews to 65 key informants, i.e. professionals with experience in implementing and/or managing and evaluating such programs. In general, these professionals were satisfied with the programs in which they had participated and they valued them positively. They considered that certain characteristics of participants and of the programs themselves contribute to promoting or hindering their success and also that they could obtain better results by customizing interventions. These results provide valuable information for understanding the difficulties encountered in implementing these programs and to improve them

El acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario: análisis de una escala de medida / Sexual Harassment in the University: Analysis of a Measurement Scale

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características de la Escala de acoso sexual e interacción social de contenido sexual en el ámbito universitario (EASIS -U). Se diseñó un cuestionario para el estudio de sus componentes que incluye 38 ítems que describen diferentes comportamientos de interacción social de contenido sexual y de acoso sexual. El instrumento fue administrado a 1693 personas (1521 estudiantes y 172 miembros del personal) de una universidad española. Los resultados indican que el cuestionario está constituido por cuatro factores que explican el 61.81 % de la varianza total y evalúan comportamientos de chantaje sexual (Escala 1), acoso sexual de componente verbal (Escala 2) y físico (Escala 3) e interacción social de contenido sexual (Escala 4) en el ámbito académico, con datos de consistencia interna favorables (a entre 0.962 y 0.775). Estos resultados recomiendan el uso de la escala en futuras investigaciones.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the Scale of sexual harassment and social interaction of sexual content at the University, a questionnaire of 38 items that was administered to 1693 people (1521 students and 172 staff members) of a Spanish university. The results indicate that the questionnaire used consists of four factors explaining 61.81% of the total variance and evaluate sexual blackmail behaviors (Scale 1), sexual harassment verbal component (Scale 2) and physical (Scale 3) and social interaction of sexual content (Scale 4) in academia with a favourable reliability data (a between 0.962 and 0.775). Based on the results is recommended the use of the scale in future research on the subject.

Nuevo mapa de los mitos sobre la violencia de género en el siglo XXI / New map of the myths about gender violence in XXI century

Este trabajo tiene como finalidad presentar una aproximación a la vigencia actual de los mitos sobre violencia de género, que son definidos como creencias estereotípicas sobre dicha violencia, que son generalmente falsas, pero que son sostenidas amplia y persistentemente. Estos mitos han sido estudiados clasificándolos en diferentes categorías (mitos sobre la marginalidad, mitos sobre los maltratadores, mitos sobre las mujeres maltratadas). A ellos, y en el marco de las nuevas formas de sexismo, se sumarían lo que se ha dado en llamar «neomitos», entre los que estarían aquellos que minimizan la importancia del problema o, incluso dando un paso más allá, aquellos que niegan su existencia. En este trabajo se analiza el alcance y extensión de estos nuevos mitos (AU)

This paper presents an approach to the contemporary relevance of the myths about domestic violence, which are defined as stereotypical beliefs about such violence, which are generally false but persistent. These myths have been studied and classified into diverse categories (marginality myths, myths about offenders, battered women myths). To them, and within the context of new forms of sexism, would be added what has been called «new myths», including those that minimize the importance of the problem or, even going one step further, those that deny its existence. This paper discusses the scope and extent of these new myths (AU)

[New map of the myths about gender violence in XXI century]. / Nuevo mapa de los mitos sobre la violencia de género en el siglo XXI.

This paper presents an approach to the contemporary relevance of the myths about domestic violence, which are defined as stereotypical beliefs about such violence, which are generally false but persistent. These myths have been studied and classified into diverse categories (marginality myths, myths about offenders, battered women myths). To them, and within the context of new forms of sexism, would be added what has been called "new myths", including those that minimize the importance of the problem or, even going one step further, those that deny its existence. This paper discusses the scope and extent of these new myths.

La violencia de género en la formación universitaria: análisis de factores predictores / Gender violence in higher education: predictors factor analysis

La consideración de la violencia contra las mujeres como problema social y su inclusión en la agenda política en España ha tomado una gran fuerza en los últimos años. Entre las actuaciones que se señalan como relevantes en este contexto está incluir esta temática en la formación universitaria de los/as futuros/as profesionales que deberán afrontarla. En el marco de una investigación más amplia, se analizan los factores predictores que diferencian al alumnado universitario que ha cursado asignaturas con estos contenidos de aquel que no las ha cursado en una muestra de 1395 estudiantes universitarios/as a quienes se administró una entrevista ad hoc y el “Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia”. Los resultados muestran que entre las variables predictoras de esta circunstancia hay tanto variables sociodemográficas, como de educación previa, percepción de la frecuencia y causas del problema y creencias en torno a él. Igualmente, estos resultados muestran que las variables que mejor predicen haber cursado este tipo de materias difieren entre alumnas y alumnos. Se analizan las implicaciones de estos resultados (AU)

The consideration of violence against women as a social problem and its inclusion on political agenda in Spain has taken a great force in ultimate years. Among the actions that are indicated like important in this context is to include this subject in college education of future professionals that should confront it. In the framework of a large investigation, we analyze prediction factors that differentiate between university students that has studied subjects with domestic violence contents of them has not in a sample of 1395 university students. We administered them an ad hoc interview and the "Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia". The results show that among prediction variables of this circumstance there is so much socio demographic variables, as of prior education, perception of the frequency and causes of the problem and beliefs around him. Likewise, these results show that the variables that better predict to have studied this type of matters they differ between men and women. The implications of these results are analyzed (AU)

El mito romántico de los celos y su aceptación en la sociedad española actual / The romantic myth of the jealousies and his acceptance in the Spanish current company

En psicología social el estudio de los celos se ha centrado en aspectos como su definición, sus manifestaciones o las perspectivas teóricas para estudiarlos. Este trabajo analiza la presencia y persistencia del mito romántico de los celos en población general i su relación carazterísticas sociodemográficas y de la relación de pareja. La muestra estudiada fue seleccionada de entre la población general mediante un muestreo estratificado por género, y dentro de cada estrato, por cuotas en función de la edad, y estuvo constituida por1351 personas. Para la recogida de datos se empleó un cuestinario diseñado ad hoc. Los resultados obtenidos indican que en torno a un 70% de las personas entrevistadas rechazaron este mito, siendo este rechazo mayoe entre las mujeres, las personas de edad intermedia, con estudios universitarios, que han tenido una pareja con la que han convivido y que en el momento de ser entrevistados/as tenían pareja(AU)

In social psychology the study of the jealousies has focuses on aspects such as its definition, its manifestations and theoretical perspectives to study. This paper examines the presence and persistence of the romantic myth of jealousies in general population and its relationship sociodemographic characteristics and and partner relationships. The studied sample was selected from among the general population by means of a sampling stratified by kind, and inside every stratum, by quotas depending on the age, and was constituted por 1351 persons. For the withdrawal of information there was used a designed ad hoc cuestinario. The results indicate that concerning 70 % of the people interviewed rejected this myth and this rejection was higher among women, the persons of intermediate age, with university studies, which have had a pair with whom they have coexisted and whom in the moment to be Interviewed they had pair (AU)

[The concept of love in a Spanish representative sample]. / El concepto de amor en España.

The model of romantic love and the acceptance of related myths have been granted wide relevance in our context. It has also been suggested that the concept of love can play a role in the origin and maintenance of gender violence. As an initial step towards researching this relationship, the objective of this article is to study the prevailing concept of love in the Spanish population, as well as to analyze any differences that gender and age may introduce in this conception. A reduced version of the Love Attitudes Scale was administered to a representative sample of 1,351 people. Results show that both men and women widely accept the love styles Eros, Agape, Storge and Pragma, reject the Ludus style, and are indifferent to the Mania style. However, the order of preference for love styles is different for men and women and for different age groups. These results are analyzed and discussed.