Intramedullary screw fixation for simple displaced olecranon fractures.

PURPOSE: Olecranon fractures are common and typically require surgical fixation due to displacement generated by the pull of the triceps muscle. The most common techniques for repairing olecranon fractures are tension-band wiring or plate fixation, but these methods are associated with high rates of implant-related soft-tissue irritation. Another treatment option is fixation with an intramedullary screw, but less is known about surgical results using this strategy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to report the clinical and functional outcomes of olecranon fractures treated with an intramedullary cannulated screw. METHODS: We identified 15 patients (average age at index procedure 44 years, range 16-83) with a Mayo type I or IIA olecranon fracture who were treated with an intramedullary cannulated screw at a single level 2 trauma center between 2012 and 2017. The medical record was reviewed to assess radiographic union, postoperative range of motion and complications (including hardware removal). Patient-reported outcome was evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. Average follow-up was 22 months (range 8-36 months). RESULTS: By the 6th month post-operative visit, 14 patients had complete union of their fracture and 1 patient had an asymptomatic non-union that did not require further intervention. Average flexion was 145° (range 135-160) and the average extension lag was 11° (range 0-30). Implants were removed in 5 patients due to soft-tissue irritation. Average DASH score (± standard deviation) by final follow-up was 16 ± 10. CONCLUSIONS: Fixation of simple olecranon fractures with an intramedullary screw is a safe and easy fixation method in young patients, leading to good functional and radiological results. Compared to available data, less hardware removal is necessary than with tension-band wiring or plate fixation.

Correction to: Intramedullary screw fixation for simple displaced olecranon fractures.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained some mistakes. The spelling of the Willem Maarten P. F. Bosmans' name was incorrect.

[A woman with a painful ankle]. / Een vrouw met een pijnlijke enkel.

A 17-year-old woman was hit on the left ankle during hockey. There was pain over the dorsal fibula, though no swelling. During dorsiflexion the tendon of the M. peroneus could be luxated over the lateral malleolus towards the front. This was consistent with a peroneal tendon dislocation at the level of the lateral malleolus.

Treatment of types II-IV endoleaks by injecting biocompatible elastomer (PDMS) in the aneurysm sac: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To investigate if an elastomer [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)] can be used to effectively treat endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair. METHODS: A latex aneurysm (36-mm inner diameter sac, 15-mm inner diameter neck) was attached to an in vitro circulation model. The aneurysm was excluded from the circulation by placing an unstented polyester graft. Endoleak types II-IV were created using different setups. While the circulation setup running, the aneurysm was filled with contrast medium and then the biocompatible PDMS elastomer was injected to exclude the endoleaks and the perigraft area. The sac was considered full when all contrast was pushed out of the sac and the elastomer flowed into the proximal efferent lumbar artery. Treatment was successful when the aneurysm was free of endoleak after control angiography. RESULTS: The endoleaks were created successfully in the latex aneurysm models, with contrast present in the sac before "treatment." After elastomer sac filling, all endoleaks were successfully excluded on angiography; there was no leakage of contrast outside the graft lumen in any of the setups. With the type III endoleak, the disruption in the graft material was sealed by the elastomer, while the entire porous graft was encased in elastomer in the type IV endoleak setup. There was no elastomer within the graft lumen in either case. CONCLUSIONS: This concept of filling the aneurysm sac with PDMS may lead to a percutaneous treatment for endoleaks. While the results of this study show that PDMS may be used to treat endoleaks in vitro, further tests are required to determine if this approach is suitable in vivo.

Aortic customize: a new alternative endovascular approach to aortic aneurysm repair using injectable biocompatible elastomer. An in vitro study.

PURPOSE: Aortic Customize is a new concept for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in which a non polymerized elastomer is injected to fill the aneurysm sac around a balloon catheter. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the extent of aneurysm wall stress reduction by the presence of a noncompliant elastomer cuff. METHODS: A thin-walled latex aneurysm (inner radius sac 18 mm, inner radius neck 8 mm), equipped with 12 tantalum markers, was attached to an in vitro circulation model. Fluoroscopic roentgenographic stereo photogrammetric analysis (FRSA) was used to measure marker movement during six cardiac cycles. The radius of three circles drawn through the markers was measured before and after sac filling. Wall movement was measured at different systemic pressures. Wall stress was calculated from the measured radius (sigma = pr/2t). RESULTS: The calculated wall stress was 7.5-15.6 N/cm(2) before sac filling and was diminished to 0.43-1.1 N/cm(2) after sac filling. Before sac filling, there was a clear increase (P < .001) in radius of the proximal (range, 7.9%-33.5%), middle (range, 3.3%-25.2%), and distal (range, 10.5%-184.3%) rings with increasing systemic pressure. After sac filling with the elastomer, there remained a small, significant (P < .001) increase in the radius of the circles (ranges: 6.8%-8.8%; 0.7%-1.1%; 5.3%-6.7%). The sac filling reduced the extent of radius increase. The treated aneurysm withstood systemic pressures up to 220/140 mm Hg without noticeable wall movement. After the sac filling, there was no pulsation visible in the aneurysm wall. CONCLUSIONS: Filling the aneurysm sac of a simplified in vitro latex model with a biocompatible elastomer leads to successful exclusion of the aneurysm sac from the circulation. Wall movement and calculated wall stress are diminished noticeably by the injection of biocompatible elastomer.

The effect of injectable biocompatible elastomer (PDMS) on the strength of the proximal fixation of endovascular aneurysm repair grafts: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: One of the major concerns in the long-term success of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is stent graft migration, which can cause type I endoleak and even aneurysm rupture. Fixation depends on the mechanical forces between the graft and both the aortic neck and the blood flow. Therefore, there are anatomical restrictions for EVAR, such as short and angulated necks. To improve the fixation of EVAR grafts, elastomer (PDMS) can be injected in the aneurysm sac. The support given by the elastomer might prevent dislocation and migration of the graft. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of an injectable biocompatible elastomer on the fixation strength of different EVAR grafts in an in vitro model. METHODS: The proximal part of three different stent grafts was inserted in a bovine artery with an attached latex aneurysm. The graft was connected to a tensile testing machine, applying force to the proximal fixation, while the artery with the aneurysm was fixated to the setup. The force to obtain graft dislodgement (DF) from the aorta was recorded in Newtons (N). Three different proximal seal lengths (5, 10, and 15 mm) were evaluated. The experiments were repeated after the space between the graft and the latex aneurysm was filled with the elastomer. Independent sample ttests were used for the comparison between the DF before and after elastomer treatment for each seal length. RESULTS: The mean DF (mean +/- SD) of all grafts without elastomer sac filling for a proximal seal length of 5, 10, and 15 mm were respectively, 4.4 +/- 3.1 N, 12.2 +/- 10.6 N, and 15.1 +/- 6.9 N. After elastomer sac filling, the dislodgement forces increased significantly (P < .001) to 20.9 +/- 3.8 N, 31.8 +/- 9.8 N, and 36.0 +/- 14.1 N, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that aneurysm sac filling may have a role as an adjuvant procedure to the present EVAR technique. The strength of the proximal fixation of three different stent grafts increases significantly in this in vitro setting. Further in vivo research must be done to see if this could facilitate the treatment of aneurysms with short infrarenal necks.

Effect of stent-graft compliance on endotension after EVAR.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether, and to which extent, the type of graft has influence on the pressure in the aneurysm sac. METHODS: The study consisted of a dynamic and a static experiment. In the dynamic experiment, a latex aneurysm was inserted into an in-vitro circulation model, with variable (80-180 mmHg) systemic systolic pressure and a pulse pressure of 40 mmHg. Seven types of devices were used to exclude the aneurysm: a latex reference graft, 3 stentless grafts made of different fabrics, and 3 different types of commercially produced stented grafts used for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The systolic and diastolic intra-aneurysm pressures (IAP) were measured, along with the pulse pressure. The mean IAP and pulse pressures were compared for each category of graft (stented/stentless) and for each graft. In the static experiments, the compliance of each graft and the latex aneurysm were determined by measuring the change in volume necessary to obtain a change in pressure. Furthermore, the IAP with each graft was measured in a nonpulsatile situation under systolic pressures varying between 60 and 140 mmHg. RESULTS: The experiments showed that, with increasing systemic pressures, there was a small pressure (<5 mmHg) increase in the aneurysm, but there was no significant difference among grafts in the dynamic or the static experiments (p = 0.12 and p = 0.17, respectively). With the 3 stented EVAR grafts, there was less pressure transmission than with the 3 stentless grafts, but this difference was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This in-vitro study demonstrated that there is a clinically irrelevant pressure transmission through the graft wall and no significant difference in the pressure transmission between stented and stentless grafts.