Statistical quality control based on control charts and process efficiency index by the application of fuzzy approach (case study: Ha'il, Saudi Arabia).

Fuzzy methods using linguistic expressions and fuzzy numbers can provide a more accurate examination of manufacturing systems where data is not clear. Researchers expanded fuzzy control charts (CCs) using fuzzy linguistic statements and investigated the current process efficiency index to evaluate the performance, precision, and accuracy of the production process in a fuzzy state. Compared to nonfuzzy data mode, fuzzy linguistic statements provided decision makers with more options and a more accurate assessment of the quality of products. The fuzzy index of the actual process efficiency analyzed the process by considering mean, target value, and variance of the process simultaneously. Inspection of household water meters in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia showed the actual process index values were less than 1, indicating unfavorable production conditions. Fuzzy methods enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of statistical quality control in real-world systems where precise information may not be readily available. In addition, to provide a new perspective on the comparison of urban water and sewage systems, the results obtained from fuzzy-CC were compared with various machine learning methods such as artificial neural network and M5 model tree, in order to identify and understand their respective advantages and limitations.

Use of dual polarization interferometry as a diagnostic tool for protein crystallization.

The use of dual polarization interferometry (DPI) as a tool for probing the different possible outcomes of protein crystallization experiments is described. DPI is a surface analytical technique used for the characterization of structure and interactions of molecular layers on an optical waveguide surface for a wide range of applications, including protein-protein interactions and conformational changes. The application of this technique provides a "signature" of crystallization events, thus predicting if there will be protein crystal formation, amorphous precipitate, or clear solution. The technique was demonstrated on a number of model proteins, and it also produced meaningful results in the case of two problematic target proteins. DPI in conjunction with a dialysis setup, allows changes in the protein solution above the waveguide surface to be monitored simultaneously with continuous control of its precipitant content. DPI has the potential to be used as a powerful method for discovering crystallization conditions, for obtaining information on the crystallization process, and as an aid in crystal optimization. It has also provided what is, to the best of our knowledge, the most direct observation to date of salting-in behavior in a protein-salt solution.