Alcohol Impairs Bioenergetics and Differentiation Capacity of Myoblasts from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Female Macaques.

Alcohol misuse and HIV independently induce myopathy. We previously showed that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration, with or without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), decreases differentiation capacity of male rhesus macaque myoblasts. We hypothesized that short-term alcohol and CBA/SIV would synergistically decrease differentiation capacity and impair bioenergetic parameters in female macaque myoblasts. Myoblasts from naïve (CBA-/SIV-), vehicle [VEH]/SIV, and CBA/SIV (N = 4-6/group) groups were proliferated (3 days) and differentiated (5 days) with 0 or 50 mM ethanol (short-term). CBA/SIV decreased differentiation and increased non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) versus naïve and/or VEH/SIV. Short-term alcohol decreased differentiation; increased maximal and non-mitochondrial OCR, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and aldolase activity; and decreased glycolytic measures, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and pyruvate kinase activity. Mitochondrial ROS production was closely associated with mitochondrial network volume, and differentiation indices were closely associated with key bioenergetic health and function parameters. Results indicate that short-term alcohol and CBA non-synergistically decrease myoblast differentiation capacity. Short-term alcohol impaired myoblast glycolytic function, driving the bioenergetic deficit. Results suggest potentially differing mechanisms underlying decreased differentiation capacity with short-term alcohol and CBA, highlighting the need to elucidate the impact of different alcohol use patterns on myopathy.

Alcohol and Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease.

PURPOSE: Alcohol-related myopathy is one of the earliest alcohol-associated pathological tissue changes that is progressively exacerbated by cumulative long-term alcohol misuse. Acute and chronic alcohol use leads to changes in skeletal muscle mass and function. As discussed in this evidence-based review, alcohol-mediated mechanisms are multifactorial with effects on anabolic and catabolic signaling, mitochondrial bioenergetics, extracellular matrix remodeling, and epigenomic alterations. However, systematic studies are limited, especially regarding the acute effects of alcohol on skeletal muscle. SEARCH METHODS: This review focuses on peer-reviewed manuscripts published between January 2012 and November 2022 using the search terms "alcohol" or "ethanol" and "skeletal muscle" in MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science using EndNote reference management software. SEARCH RESULTS: Eligible manuscripts included full-length research papers that discussed acute and chronic effects of alcohol on skeletal muscle mass and function in both clinical and preclinical studies. The review also includes alcohol-mediated skeletal muscle effects in the context of comorbidities. The three databases together yielded 708 manuscripts. Of these, the authors excluded from this review 548 papers that did not have "alcohol" or "muscle" in the title and 64 papers that were duplicates or did not discuss skeletal muscle. Thus, of all the manuscripts considered for this review, 96 are included and 612 are excluded. Additionally, relevant papers published earlier than 2012 are included to provide context to the review. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Both acute and chronic alcohol use decrease protein synthesis and increase protein degradation. Alcohol also impairs mitochondrial function and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, there is a gap in the literature on the known alcohol-mediated mechanisms, including senescence, role of immune activation, and interorgan communication, on the development of alcohol-related myopathy. With increased life expectancy, changing alcohol use patterns, and increasing frequency of alcohol use among females, current observational studies are needed on the prevalence of alcohol-related myopathy. Additionally, the compounding effects of acute and chronic alcohol use on skeletal muscle with aging or exercise, in response to injury or disuse, and in the context of comorbidities including diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), call for further investigation. Though evidence suggests that abstinence or reducing alcohol use can improve muscle mass and function, they are not restored to normal levels. Hence, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms can help in the design of therapeutic strategies to improve skeletal muscle health.

An aerobic exercise intervention to improve metabolic health among people living with HIV with at-risk alcohol use: the ALIVE-Ex research study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLWH) has improved life expectancy and increased risk of age-associated cardiometabolic comorbidities. At-risk alcohol use is more frequent among PLWH and increases the risk of health challenges. PLWH with at-risk alcohol use are more likely to meet criteria for prediabetes/diabetes and this is associated with impaired whole-body glucose-insulin dynamics. METHODS: The Alcohol & Metabolic Comorbidities in PLWH: Evidence Driven Interventions Study (ALIVE-Ex Study, NCT03299205) is a longitudinal, prospective, interventional study to determine the effects of an aerobic exercise protocol on improving dysglycemia among PLWH with at-risk alcohol use. The intervention is a moderate intensity aerobic exercise protocol implemented 3 days per week for 10 weeks at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans. Participants who have a fasting blood glucose level between 94 and 125 mg/dl will be enrolled in the study. Oral glucose tolerance tests, fitness assessments, and skeletal muscle biopsies will be performed pre- and post-exercise intervention. The primary outcome is to determine whether the exercise protocol improves measures of whole-body glucose-insulin dynamics, cardiorespiratory fitness, and skeletal muscle metabolic and bioenergetic function. Secondary outcomes are to determine whether the exercise intervention improves cognitive function and overall quality of life. Results generated will demonstrate the effect of exercise on glycemic measures in PLWH with subclinical dysglycemia and at-risk alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed intervention will also have the potential to be scalable to promote lifestyle changes among PLWH, particularly in underserved communities.

Differential expression of adipocyte and myotube extracellular vesicle miRNA cargo in chronic binge alcohol-administered SIV-infected male macaques.

Our studies in chronic binge alcohol (CBA) -treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques and in people living with HIV (PLWH) show significant alterations in metabolic homeostasis. CBA promotes a profibrotic phenotype in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (SKM) and decreases adipose-derived stem cell and myoblast differentiation, making adipose and SKM potential drivers in metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, we have shown that the differential expression of microRNAs (miRs) in SKM contributes to impaired myoblast differentiation potential. Beyond modulation of intracellular responses, miRs can be transported in extracellular vesicles (EVs) to mediate numerous cellular responses through intercellular and interorgan communication. This study tested the hypothesis that CBA alters concentration and miR cargo of EVs derived from adipocytes and myotubes isolated from SIV-infected male macaques. Fourteen male rhesus macaques received either CBA (2.5 g/kg/day) or sucrose (VEH) for 14.5 months. Three months following the initiation of CBA/VEH, all animals were infected with SIVmac251 and 2.5 months later were initiated on antiretroviral therapy. SKM and adipose tissue samples were collected at the study endpoint (blood alcohol concentration = 0 mM). EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation of myotube and adipocyte cell culture supernatant. Nanoparticle tracking revealed no differences in concentration or size of particles between VEH and CBA groups. Adipocyte-derived EVs from CBA animals showed decreased miR-let-7a expression (p = 0.03). Myotube-derived EVs from CBA animals had decreased miR-16 (p = 0.04) and increased miR-133a and miR-133b (both p = 0.04) expression. These results indicate that CBA administration differentially regulates EV miR content but does not alter the number of EVs from adipocytes or myotubes. Future studies are warranted to determine the functional relevance of CBA-altered EV miR cargo and their role in intercellular and interorgan communication and metabolic dysregulation.

Unique circulating microRNA associations with dysglycemia in people living with HIV and alcohol use.

People living with HIV (PLWH) have increased prevalence of comorbid conditions including insulin resistance and at-risk alcohol use. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) may serve as minimally invasive indicators of pathophysiological states. We aimed to identify whether alcohol modulates circulating miR associations with measures of glucose/insulin dynamics in PLWH. PLWH (n = 96; 69.8% males) enrolled in the Alcohol & Metabolic Comorbidities in PLWH: Evidence-Driven Interventions (ALIVE-Ex) study were stratified into negative phosphatidylethanol (PEth < 8 ng/mL, n = 42) and positive PEth (PEth ≥ 8 ng/mL, n = 54) groups. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and total RNA was isolated from fasting plasma to determine absolute miR expression. Circulating miRs were selected based on their role in skeletal muscle (miR-133a and miR-206), pancreatic ß-cell (miR-375), liver (miR-20a), and adipose tissue (miR-let-7b, miR-146a, and miR-221) function. Correlation and multiple regression analyses between miR expression and adiponectin, 2 h glucose, insulin, and C-peptide values were performed adjusting for body mass index (BMI) category, age, sex, and viral load. miR-133a was negatively associated with adiponectin (P = 0.002) in the negative PEth group, and miR-20a was positively associated with 2 h glucose (P = 0.013) in the positive PEth group. Regression analyses combining miRs demonstrated that miR-133a (P < 0.001) and miR-221 (P = 0.010) together predicted adiponectin in the negative PEth group. miR-20a (P < 0.001) and miR-375 (P = 0.002) together predicted 2 h glucose in the positive PEth group. Our results indicate that associations between miRs and measures of glucose/insulin dynamics differed between PEth groups, suggesting that the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to altered glucose homeostasis in PLWH are potentially modulated by alcohol use.

Detailed 3-dimensional body shape features predict body composition, blood metabolites, and functional strength: the Shape Up! studies.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional optical (3DO) body scanning has been proposed for automatic anthropometry. However, conventional measurements fail to capture detailed body shape. More sophisticated shape features could better indicate health status. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to predict DXA total and regional body composition, serum lipid and diabetes markers, and functional strength from 3DO body scans using statistical shape modeling. METHODS: Healthy adults underwent whole-body 3DO and DXA scans, blood tests, and strength assessments in the Shape Up! Adults cross-sectional observational study. Principal component analysis was performed on registered 3DO scans. Stepwise linear regressions were performed to estimate body composition, serum biomarkers, and strength using 3DO principal components (PCs). 3DO model accuracy was compared with simple anthropometric models and precision was compared with DXA. RESULTS: This analysis included 407 subjects. Eleven PCs for each sex captured 95% of body shape variance. 3DO body composition accuracy to DXA was: fat mass R2 = 0.88 male, 0.93 female; visceral fat mass R2 = 0.67 male, 0.75 female. 3DO body fat test-retest precision was: root mean squared error = 0.81 kg male, 0.66 kg female. 3DO visceral fat was as precise (%CV = 7.4 for males, 6.8 for females) as DXA (%CV = 6.8 for males, 7.4 for females). Multiple 3DO PCs were significantly correlated with serum HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR, independent of simple anthropometrics. 3DO PCs improved prediction of isometric knee strength (combined model R2 = 0.67 male, 0.59 female; anthropometrics-only model R2 = 0.34 male, 0.24 female). CONCLUSIONS: 3DO body shape PCs predict body composition with good accuracy and precision comparable to existing methods. 3DO PCs improve prediction of serum lipid and diabetes markers, and functional strength measurements. The safety and accessibility of 3DO scanning make it appropriate for monitoring individual body composition, and metabolic health and functional strength in epidemiological settings.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03637855.

Greater Height Is Associated with a Larger Carotid Lumen Diameter.

Background: Previous studies link tall stature with a reduced ischemic stroke risk. One theory posits that tall people have larger cerebral artery lumens and therefore have a lower plaque occlusion risk than those who are short. Previous studies have not critically evaluated the associations between height and cerebral artery structure independent of confounding factors. Methods: The hypothesis linking stature with cerebral artery lumen size was tested in 231 adults by measuring the associations between height and common carotid artery diameter (CCAD) and intima-media thickness (IMT) after controlling for recognized vascular influencing factors (e.g., adiposity, blood pressure, plasma lipids, etc.). Results: Height remained a significant CCAD predictor across all developed multiple regression models. These models predict a ~0.03 mm increase in CCAD for each 1-cm increase in height in this sample. This magnitude of CCAD increase with height represents over a 60% enlargement of the artery's lumen area across adults varying in stature from short (150 cm) to tall (200 cm). By contrast, IMT was non-significantly correlated with height across all developed regression models. Conclusions: People who are tall have a larger absolute CCAD than people who are short, while IMT is independent of stature. These observations potentially add to the growing cardiovascular literature aimed at explaining the lower risk of ischemic strokes in tall people.

Improved strength prediction combining clinically available measures of skeletal muscle mass and quality.

BACKGROUND: Measures of skeletal muscle function decline at a faster rate with ageing than do indices of skeletal muscle mass. These observations have been attributed to age-related changes in muscle quality, another functional determinant separate from skeletal muscle mass. This study tested the hypothesis that improved predictions of skeletal muscle strength can be accomplished by combining clinically available measures of skeletal muscle mass and quality. METHODS: The participants included 146 healthy adult (age ≥ 18 years, range 18-77 years; X ± SD 47 ± 17 years and body mass index 16.5-51.8 kg/m2 ; 27.7 ± 6.2 kg/m2 ) men (n = 60) and women (n = 86) in whom skeletal muscle mass was estimated as appendicular lean soft tissue (LST) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and skeletal muscle quality as bioimpedance analysis-derived phase angle and B-mode-evaluated echogenicity of mid-thigh skeletal muscle. Strength of the right leg and both arms was quantified as knee isokinetic extension and handgrip strength using dynamometers. The statistical significance of adding phase angle or echogenicity to strength prediction multiple regression models that included extremity-specific LST and other covariates (e.g. age and sex) was evaluated to test the study hypothesis. RESULTS: Right leg LST mass alone was significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with isokinetic right leg strength (R2  = 0.57). The addition of segmental phase angle measured in the right leg at 50 kHz increased the R2 of this model to 0.66 (P < 0.0001); other phase angle frequencies (5 and 250 kHz) did not contribute significantly to these models. Results were similar for both right and left arm handgrip strength prediction models. Adding age and sex as model covariates increased the R2 values of these models further (e.g. right leg strength model R2 increased to 0.71), but phase angle continued to remain a significant (all P < 0.01) predictor of extremity strength. Similarly, when predicting isokinetic right leg strength, mid-thigh skeletal muscle echogenicity added significantly (P < 0.0001) to right leg LST, increasing R2 from 0.57 to 0.64; age was a significant (P < 0.0001) covariate in this model, increasing R2 further to 0.68. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis of the current study was confirmed, strongly supporting and extending earlier reports by quantifying the combined independent effects of skeletal muscle mass and quality on lower-body and upper-body measures of strength. These observations provide a clinically available method for future research aimed at optimizing sarcopenia and frailty risk prediction models.

Digital anthropometry: a critical review.

Anthropometry, Greek for human measurement, is a tool widely used across many scientific disciplines. Clinical nutrition applications include phenotyping subjects across the lifespan for assessing growth, body composition, response to treatments, and predicting health risks. The simple anthropometric tools such as flexible measuring tapes and calipers are now being supplanted by rapidly developing digital technology devices. These systems take many forms, but excitement today surrounds the introduction of relatively low cost three-dimensional optical imaging methods that can be used in research, clinical, and even home settings. This review examines this transformative technology, providing an overview of device operational details, early validation studies, and potential applications. Digital anthropometry is rapidly transforming dormant and static areas of clinical nutrition science with many new applications and research opportunities.

Associations between height and blood pressure in the United States population.

The mechanisms linking short stature with an increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk remain elusive. This study tested the hypothesis that significant associations are present between height and blood pressure in a representative sample of the US adult population.Participants were 12,988 men and women from a multiethnic sample (age ≥ 18 years) evaluated in the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were not taking antihypertensive medications and who had complete height, weight, % body fat, and systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measurements; mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure (MBP and PP) were calculated. Multiple regression models for men and women were developed with each blood pressure as dependent variable and height, age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, % body fat, socioeconomic status, activity level, and smoking history as potential independent variables.Greater height was associated with significantly lower SBP and PP, and higher DBP (all P < .001) in combined race/ethnic-sex group models beginning in the 4th decade. Predicted blood pressure differences between people who are short and tall increased thereafter with greater age except for MBP. Socioeconomic status, activity level, and smoking history did not consistently contribute to blood pressure prediction models.Height-associated blood pressure effects were present in US adults who appeared in the 4th decade and increased in magnitude with greater age thereafter. These observations, in the largest and most diverse population sample evaluated to date, provide support for postulated mechanisms linking adult stature with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk.