Novel bone adhesives: a comparison of bond strengths in vitro.

Fracture fixation using adhesive is a promising alternative in craniofacial surgeries, replacing the plates and screws system. The advantages include the ease of application and avoidance of drilling holes that may weaken the bone and cause fractures. In this study the bond strengths of selected adhesives were evaluated and compared with resorbable plates and screws. Four adhesives, octyl-cyanoacrylate, N-butyl-cyanoacrylate, a novel methyl-methacrylate, and a novel cyanoacrylate derivative, were tested for their microtensile and shear bond strengths. The bone samples were cut into rectangular bars and bonded with selected adhesives for microtensile testing. For the shear bond test, paired bars were bonded at the overlap, while two other sets of bars were attached by a Lactosorb plate using either adhesive or screws. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The microtensile bond strengths of N-butyl-cyanoacrylate, novel cyanoacrylate derivative, and novel methyl-methacrylate derivative were significantly greater than octyl-cyanoacrylate. When bone sections were fixed with resorbable plates and adhesives, shear bond strength was significantly greater for N-butyl-cyanoacrylate than plate and screws, while the bond strengths of other adhesives were comparable with the plate and screws. N-Butyl cyanoacrylate was shown to have the greatest potential for fixation of fractured bone in craniofacial surgical applications.

Contribution to the analysis of the predissociated rovibronic structure of the symmetric isotopomers 16O3 and 18O3 of ozone near 10,400 cm-1): [3A2(3(2)(0)) <-- X1A1(0(0)(0))] and 3B2 <-- X1A1.

The absorption spectrum of ozone was recorded at low temperatures (down to -135 degrees C) by high resolution Fourier transform spectrometry and intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) near 10,400 cm-1. A preliminary analysis of the rotational structure of the absorption spectra of 16O3 and 18O3 shows that this spectral region corresponds to a superposition of two different electronic transitions, one with a very broad rotational structure, showing for the first time the asymmetric stretching frequency mode nu3 of the electronic state 3A2, the other formed by a completely diffuse band, probably the 2(1)(0) band of a new transition due to the triplet electronic state 3B2. Predissociation effects induce large broadening of the rotational lines for the transition centered at 10,473 cm-1 identified as the 3(2)(0) band of the 3A2 <-- X1A1 electronic transition. The rotational structure cannot be analyzed directly but instead the band contour method was used to confirm the symmetry of the transition and to estimate the spectroscopic constants for the 16O isotopomer. The origin of the band is at 10,473 +/- 3 cm-1 and the value of the 16O3(3A2) antisymmetric stretching frequency mode is equal to 460 +/- 2 cm-1. We believe that the diffuse band is due to the 3B2 state and is located at about 10,363 +/- 3 cm-1 for 16O3 and 10,354 +/- 3 cm-1 for 18O3. The isotopic rules confirm the different results obtained for 18O3 and 16O3.

Spectroscopy and predissociation of the 3A2 electronic state of ozone 16O3 and 18O3 by high resolution Fourier transform spectrometry.

A high resolution Fourier transform spectrometry analysis of the rotational structure of the 2(0)1 absorption bands of the 3A2<--X1A1 Wulf transition for the isotopomers 16O3 and 18O3 of the ozone molecule is presented. These bands are very intense compared to the 0(0)0 bands but the predissociation is so strong that the main sub-bands appear as continuous contours. Isolated lines and band contour methods are used together to analyse these two rovibrational bands. The lines corresponding to the F2 component are generally the most intense and isolated. Our data sets for the (0 1 0) level of the 3A2 state are limited to about 102 weakly or unperturbed rotational lines for the 2(0)1 of 16O3 in the range 9620-10,140 cm(-1) and 123 weakly or unperturbed rotational lines for the same band of 18O3. Using for each of them the well-defined ground state parameters, we obtained a standard deviation of about 0.035 cm(-1) in the fit to the lines for 16O3 and 0.027 cm(-1) in the case of 18O3. The rotational constants A, B and C, the three rotational distortion terms deltaK, deltaJK and deltaJ, the spin-rotation constants a0, a and b have been successfully calculated for 16O3 and 18O3 while the spin-spin constants were fixed to their respective values obtained for the origin bands. As is the case for the 0(0)0 band, we have a partial agreement with the isotopic laws for the rotational constants. The geometrical parameters of the (0 1 0) level of 3A2 state for the two isotopomers are close, r = 1.357 A, theta = 100.7 degrees for 18O3 and r = 1.352 A and theta = 100.0 degrees for 16O3. The origin of the 2(0)1 band of 18O3 is red shifted by 7.06(4) cm(-1) with respect to 16O3 2(0)1 band and the two bending mode quanta are, respectively, 528.99(9) and 501.34(7) cm(-1). A preliminary qualitative analysis of the predissociation is given in the particular case of the F2 spin component of 16O3 for 0(0)0 and 2(0)1 bands by the measurement of shifts of positions of some rovibrational levels and the evolution of predissociation broadenings in (Q)Q2 branches. We justify the existence of perturbations in the rovibrational levels of 3A2 state through different interaction types: with the dissociation continuum of the same electronic state or with high vibrational repulsive or weakly bound levels of the ground state.