RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective High sodium consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Ecuador, which may be caused in part by unhealthy eating habits. Currently, there are no data on the consumption of sodium using 24-hr urine samples. The aims of the study were to provide preliminary data of sodium intake in an urban population sample consisting of adults between 25 and 64 years old, and to explore the feasibility to conduct a population-level sodium intake determination by using 24-hr urine samples. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 129 adults living in an urban setting. 24-hr urinary samples were collected and the WHO STEPS instrument was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. A reference value of 2.0 g/day was used to differentiate between normal and high sodium intake groups. Results Participants' median age was 39 years, 91% of them identified themselves as belonging to the mestizo race, and 60% were female. The average sodium intake was 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (range: 1 725 to 3 404), which is equivalent to a salt intake of 6.8 g/d (range: 4.4 to 8.7). Sodium intake was significantly higher in males than in females: 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectively, (p<.01). Conclusions Sodium consumption in two-thirds of the participants was higher than the WHO recommended level. These results should help to support the execution of a national sodium intake survey that, in turn, would provide information to guide and plan public health strategies seeking to decrease cardiovascular diseases occurrence rates in Ecuador.(AU)
RESUMEN Objetivo Un exceso de sodio dietético se asocia con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Las ECV son la principal causa de mortalidad en el Ecuador, tal vez por patrones dietéticos no saludables en su población. Al momento no existe información del consumo de sodio usando orina de 24-hr. Los objetivos del estudio fueron proveer información preliminar de la ingesta de sodio en una muestra urbana de adultos de 25-64 años, y explorar la factibilidad de realizar un estudio a nivel nacional. Métodos Estudio de corte-transversal de 129 adultos residentes en un entorno urbano. Se recolectó muestras urinarias de 24-hr y se recolectaron características socio-demográficas y clínicas usando los cuestionarios STEPS de la OMS. Un valor de referencia de 2.0 g/día fue utilizado para discriminar entre consumidores normales y altos de sodio. Resultados La mediana de edad de la población estudiada fue de 39 años, 91% se autodefinió de raza mestiza, y 60% fueron femeninas. La ingesta promedio de sodio fue de 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (rango: 1 725 to 3 404), que es equivalente a una ingesta de sal de 6.8 g/d (rango: 4.4 to 8.7). La ingesta masculina fue significativamente mayor que el de las mujeres 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectivamente, (p<.01). Conclusiones Dos tercios de la población estudiada consume sodio mayor al recomendado por la OMS. Estos resultados apoyan la ejecución de un estudio nacional que guíe la planificación en salud pública e informe estrategias para mejorar la salud cardiovascular en el Ecuador.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Urina/química , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos de Coortes , Equador/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: High sodium consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Ecuador, which may be caused in part by unhealthy eating habits. Currently, there are no data on the consumption of sodium using 24-hr urine samples. The aims of the study were to provide preliminary data of sodium intake in an urban population sample consisting of adults between 25 and 64 years old, and to explore the feasibility to conduct a population-level sodium intake determination by using 24-hr urine samples. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 129 adults living in an urban setting. 24-hr urinary samples were collected and the WHO STEPS instrument was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. A reference value of 2.0 g/day was used to differentiate between normal and high sodium intake groups. RESULTS: Participants' median age was 39 years, 91% of them identified themselves as belonging to the mestizo race, and 60% were female. The average sodium intake was 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (range: 1 725 to 3 404), which is equivalent to a salt intake of 6.8 g/d (range: 4.4 to 8.7). Sodium intake was significantly higher in males than in females: 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectively, (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sodium consumption in two-thirds of the participants was higher than the WHO recommended level. These results should help to support the execution of a national sodium intake survey that, in turn, would provide information to guide and plan public health strategies seeking to decrease cardiovascular diseases occurrence rates in Ecuador.
RESUMO
AIM: To report the results of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) study conducted in Quito, Ecuador. METHODS: A device-associated healthcare-acquired infection (DA-HAI) prospective surveillance study conducted from October 2013 to January 2015 in 2 adult intensive care units (ICUs) from 2 hospitals using the United States Centers for Disease Control/National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC/NHSN) definitions and INICC methods. RESULTS: We followed 776 ICU patients for 4818 bed-days. The central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rate was 6.5 per 1000 central line (CL)-days, the ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was 44.3 per 1000 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days, and the catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rate was 5.7 per 1000 urinary catheter (UC)-days. CLABSI and CAUTI rates in our ICUs were similar to INICC rates [4.9 (CLABSI) and 5.3 (CAUTI)] and higher than NHSN rates [0.8 (CLABSI) and 1.3 (CAUTI)] - although device use ratios for CL and UC were higher than INICC and CDC/NSHN's ratios. By contrast, despite the VAP rate was higher than INICC (16.5) and NHSN's rates (1.1), MV DUR was lower in our ICUs. Resistance of A. baumannii to imipenem and meropenem was 75.0%, and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin and piperacillin-tazobactam was higher than 72.7%, all them higher than CDC/NHSN rates. Excess length of stay was 7.4 d for patients with CLABSI, 4.8 for patients with VAP and 9.2 for patients CAUTI. Excess crude mortality in ICUs was 30.9% for CLABSI, 14.5% for VAP and 17.6% for CAUTI. CONCLUSION: DA-HAI rates in our ICUs from Ecuador are higher than United States CDC/NSHN rates and similar to INICC international rates.
