Tumor suppressor TET2 promotes cancer immunity and immunotherapy efficacy.

Loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding TET DNA dioxygenase occur frequently in hematopoietic malignancy, but rarely in solid tumors which instead commonly have reduced activity. The impact of decreased TET activity in solid tumors is not known. Here we show that TET2 mediates interferon γ (IFNγ)-JAK-STAT signaling pathway to control chemokine and PD-L1 expression, lymphocyte infiltration and cancer immunity. IFNγ stimulated STAT1 to bind TET2 and recruit TET2 to hydroxymethylate chemokine and PD-L1 genes. Reduced TET activity was associated with decreased TH1-type chemokines and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the progression of human colon cancer. Deletion of Tet2 in murine melanoma and colon tumor cells reduced chemokine expression and TILs, enabling tumors to evade anti-tumor immunity and to resist anti-PD-L1 therapy. Conversely, stimulating TET activity by systematic injection of its co-factor, ascorbate/vitamin C, increased chemokine and TILs, leading to enhanced anti-tumor immunity and anti-PD-L1 efficacy and extended lifespan of tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest an IFNγ-JAK-STAT-TET signaling pathway that mediates tumor response to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy and is frequently disrupted in solid tumors. Our findings also suggest TET activity as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy and patient response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and stimulating TET activity as an adjuvant immunotherapy of solid tumors.

Synthesis of the Nonribosomal Peptide Phevalin and Analogs.

Phevalin, a cyclic nonribosomal peptide produced by Staphylococcus aureus, has intriguing biological properties. A synthetic route to access phevalin and similar pyrazinone natural products tyrvalin, leuvalin, phileucin, and a few synthetic analogs is described. The reaction sequence involves a one-pot carbamate deprotection/imine formation/aerobic oxidation to form the pyrazinone-containing products.

Enantioselective copper-catalyzed carboetherification of unactivated alkenes.

Chiral saturated oxygen heterocycles are important components of bioactive compounds. Cyclization of alcohols onto pendant alkenes is a direct route to their synthesis, but few catalytic enantioselective methods enabling cyclization onto unactivated alkenes exist. Herein reported is a highly efficient copper-catalyzed cyclization of γ-unsaturated pentenols which terminates in C-C bond formation, a net alkene carboetherification. Both intra- and intermolecular C-C bond formations are demonstrated, thus yielding functionalized chiral tetrahydrofurans as well as fused-ring and bridged-ring oxabicyclic products. Transition-state calculations support a cis-oxycupration stereochemistry-determining step.

Catalytic Aminohalogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes.

Catalytic aminohalogenation methods enable the regio- and stereoselective vicinal difunctionalization of alkynes, allenes and alkenes with amine and halogen moieties. A range of protocols and reaction mechanisms including organometallic, Lewis base, Lewis acid and Brønsted acid catalysis have been disclosed, enabling the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of halogen-functionalized acyclic amines and nitrogen heterocycles. Recent advances including aminofluorination and catalytic enantioselective aminohalogenation reactions are summarized in this review.

Multigram Synthesis of a Chiral Substituted Indoline Via Copper-Catalyzed Alkene Aminooxygenation.

(S)-5-Fluoro-2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxymethyl)-1-tosylindoline, a 2-methyleneoxy-substituted chiral indoline, was synthesized on multigram scale using an efficient copper-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular alkene aminooxygenation. The synthesis is accomplished in four steps and the indoline is obtained in 89% ee (>98% after one recrystallization). Other highlights include efficient gram-scale synthesis of the (4R,5S)-di-Ph-box ligand and efficient separation of a monoallylaniline from its bis(allyl)aniline by-product by distillation under reduced pressure.

Catalytic enantioselective alkene aminohalogenation/cyclization involving atom transfer.

Problem solved: the title reaction was used for the synthesis of chiral 2-bromo, chloro, and iodomethyl indolines and 2-iodomethyl pyrrolidines. Stereocenter formation is believed to occur by enantioselective cis aminocupration and C-X bond formation is believed to occur by atom transfer. The ultility of the products as versatile synthetic intermediates was demonstrated, as was a radical cascade cyclization sequence.