RESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine whether in utero exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) induced reproductive tract abnormalities in the adult male testis. Using the C57/Bl6 mouse, we examined sex-organ weights, anogenital distance, and testis histopathology in adult males exposed in utero via oral gavage to sesame oil, 50 µg/kg BPA, 1000 µg/kg BPA, or 2 µg/kg diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a positive control from gestational days 10 to 16. No changes in sperm production or germ cell apoptosis were observed in adult testes after exposure to either chemical. Adult mRNA levels of genes associated with sexual maturation and differentiation, GATA4 and ID2, were significantly lower only in DES-exposed testes. In summary, the data indicate no gross alterations in spermatogenesis after in utero exposure to BPA or DES. At the molecular level, in utero exposure to DES, but not BPA, leads to decreased mRNA expression of genes associated with Sertoli cell differentiation.
Assuntos
Dietilestilbestrol/toxicidade , Estrogênios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Fenóis/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apoptose , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Células de Sertoli/citologia , Células de Sertoli/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) have been shown to be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure. Pediatric reference intervals for these analytes have been reported in part. Previous studies lack large numbers in each group, have not covered all age ranges and have not compared results for BNP with NT-proBNP in simultaneously drawn samples. METHODS: We measured BNP in whole blood using the Biosite Triage point-of-care method and plasma NT-proBNP using the Dade RxL Dimension. We assessed between and within-day precision of both methods and after removing outliers employed the Hoffmann approach to calculate pediatric reference intervals over the age range of 0-21 y. We also compared the 2 methods on simultaneously drawn samples. RESULTS: Reference intervals revealed approximately 20-fold higher 97.5th percentiles for neonates than for children >3 y of age. 97.5th percentiles decreased significantly over the first 3 years of life. As shown by others, the CVs for the automated Dade RxL platform were somewhat lower than those for the POCT method. BNP and NT-proBNP correlated well in simultaneously drawn samples (r=0.947). DISCUSSION: Reference intervals for BNP and NT-proBNP are far higher in neonates and infants than in children older than three years of age. The reasons for this are unknown but resemble the elevated CK-MBs and troponins also found in neonates, although the 97.5th percentiles for these latter 2 cardiac markers decrease more rapidly to values found in older children by 6 months of age.
