RESUMO
Alterations in the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) were examined in lower urinary tract micturition reflex pathways in a chronic model of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. In control animals, expression of GAP-43 was present in specific regions of the gray matter in the rostral lumbar and caudal lumbosacral spinal cord, including: (1) the dorsal commissure; (2) the dorsal horn and (3) the regions of the intermediolateral cell column (L1-L2) and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6-S1) and (4) in the lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer in L6-S1 spinal segments. Densitometry analysis has demonstrated significant increases (p=0.001; 1.5-4.0-fold increase) in GAP-43-immunoreactivity (IR) in these regions of the rostral lumbar (L1-L2) and caudal lumbosacral (L6-S1) spinal cord following CYP-induced urinary bladder inflammation. Changes in GAP-43-IR were restricted to those segmental levels examined (L1-L2 and L6-S1) that are involved in lower urinary tract reflexes. Changes in GAP-43-IR were not observed at the L5 segmental level. In contrast to significant increases in GAP-43-IR in specific regions of the rostral lumbar and caudal lumbosacral spinal cord, no changes in GAP-43-IR were observed in the L1, L2 or L6, S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In control animals, virtually all retrogradely labeled (Fast Blue) bladder afferent cells in the L1, L2 and L6, S1 DRG expressed GAP-43-IR. This percentage (approximately 100%) of bladder afferent cells expressing GAP-43-IR was unchanged following CYP-induced urinary bladder inflammation. Alterations in GAP-43-IR following chronic cystitis may suggest a reorganization of bladder afferent projections and spinal elements involved in bladder reflexes consistent with alterations in bladder function observed in animal models of cystitis.
Assuntos
Ciclofosfamida , Cistite/metabolismo , Proteína GAP-43/biossíntese , Imunossupressores , Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Animais , Cistite/induzido quimicamente , Densitometria , Feminino , Proteína GAP-43/análise , Gânglios Parassimpáticos/fisiologia , Gânglios Espinais/fisiologia , Região Lombossacral , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Medula Espinal/fisiologia , Bexiga Urinária/química , Bexiga Urinária/inervaçãoRESUMO
When people collaborate over their recall of a shared experience, it might be expected that they could "cross-cue" each other so as to produce new memories not available to either member of the pair on their own. In a previous series of experiments (Meudell et al., 1992), we found that pairs of people always recalled more than one person, but we failed to show that social interaction facilitated performance so as to produce such "emergent" new memories. However, a phenomenon akin to cross-cuing was employed by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) in their classic study of the availability and accessibility of memories; accordingly, in this study, we repeated Tulving and Pearlstone's work directly in a social context. So as to assess whether new memories emerged in collaborating pairs, a sequential design was employed. People learned categorized lists of words, and then all the subjects recalled the items strictly on their own. Subjects then recalled again in pairs (collaboratively) or once more on their own. The results showed that even when the opportunity for cross-cuing was directly manipulated through the provision of categorized lists, no additional new memories emerged in the collaborating groups. Possible mechanisms for the results are considered.
Assuntos
Atenção , Sinais (Psicologia) , Relações Interpessoais , Rememoração Mental , Adolescente , Adulto , Formação de Conceito , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Resolução de Problemas , Aprendizagem VerbalRESUMO
An histaminoid reaction after the administration of thiopentone and atracurium is described. Serial blood sampling showed no evidence of complement activation. Intradermal testing 6 weeks later yielded a positive result with atracurium (1 in 1000), but not with thiopentone. The clinical course of the reaction and the subsequent investigations suggest a direct pharmacological liberation of histamine.