Invertebrate grazers affect metal/metalloid fixation during litter decomposition.

Plant litter and organic sediments are main sinks for metals and metalloids in aquatic ecosystems. The effect of invertebrates as key species in aquatic litter decomposition on metal/metalloid fixation by organic matter is described only for shredders, but for grazers as another important animal group less is known. Consequently, a laboratory batch experiment was conducted to examine the effect of invertebrate grazers (Lymnaea stagnalis L.) on metal/metalloid fixation/remobilization during aquatic litter decomposition. It could be shown that invertebrate grazers facilitate significantly the formation of smaller sizes of particulate organic matter (POM), as shown previously for invertebrate shredders. The metal/metalloid binding capacity of these smaller particles of POM is higher compared to leaf litter residuals. But element enrichment is not as high as shown previously for the effect by invertebrate shredders. Invertebrate grazers enhance also the mobilization of selected elements to the water, in the range also proven for invertebrate shredders but different for the different elements. Nonetheless invertebrate grazers activity during aquatic litter decomposition leads to a metal/metalloid fixation into leaf litter as part of sediment organic matter. Hence, the effect of invertebrate grazers on metal/metalloid fixation/remobilization contrasts partly with former assessments revealing the possibility of an enhanced metal/metalloid fixation.

Distribution and relationship of uranium and radium along an allochthonously dominated wetland gradient.

Uranium mining may pose a large threat for freshwater ecosystems, caused by elevated concentrations of metals/radionuclides in drainage water. Important pollutants of such waters are uranium (U) and radium (Ra), because of their impact due to both radio- as well as chemo-toxicity. Despite the comprehensive knowledge about specific element speciation as well as fixation processes, less is known about the retention of U and Ra at a higher level of complexity (within allochthonous ecosystems as predominant for low order streams). Consequently, we investigated the distribution and retention potential of allochthonous ecosystems regarding U and Ra as well as changing U/Ra ratios. We found U predominantly transported over long distances, whereas Ra mainly precipitates immediately after reaching the surface, i.e. in the spring area. Although high U accumulation in organic rich sediments is found, still high transport rates are detected. Low overall fixation of U within the allochthonously dominated wetland results in an U transport over long distances. Consequently, large areas are affected by U mining activities and its post-mining impact, with U being more relevant compared to Ra.

Readily available phosphorous and nitrogen counteract for arsenic uptake and distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Elevated arsenic content in food crops pose a serious human health risk. Apart from rice wheat being another main food crop is possibly cultivated on contaminated sites. But for wheat uptake mechanisms are not entirely understood especially with regard to nutrient fertilization and different moisture regimes taking into account heavy rainfall events due to climate change. Here we show that especially higher P-fertilization under changing redox conditions may enhance arsenic uptake. This counteracts with higher N-fertilization reducing arsenic transfer and translocation into aboveground plant parts for both higher P-fertilization and reducing soil conditions. Arsenic speciation did not change in grain but for leaves P-fertilization together with reducing conditions increased the As(V) content compared to other arsenic species. Our results indicate important dependencies of nutrient fertilization, moisture conditions and substrate type on As accumulation of wheat as one of the most important crop plants worldwide with implications for agricultural practices.

UV-screening of grasses by plant silica layer?

UV-screening by terrestrial plants is a crucial trait since colonization of terrestrial environments has started. In general, it is enabled by phenolic substances. Especially for grasses it remains unclear why plants grown under the absence of UV-B-radiation exhibit nonetheless a high UV-B-screening potential. But this may be explained by the UV-screening effect of the silicon double layer. It was shown for seedlings of soybeans (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that enhanced silicon supply reduces stress induced by UV-radiation. Even more important is a direct correlation between silicon content in the epidermis near area (intercellular spaces) and the absorption of UV-radiation in this area shown in other papers. The silicon double layer may act like a glass layer and decreases the transmission of UV-radiation at the epidermis near area. In summary, the absorbance/reflection of ultraviolet radiation is dependent on the characteristics of the epidermis near area of leaves, particularly the occurrence (qualitatively and quantitatively) of phenolic substances and/or a silicon double layer in this area. Consequently, UV-screening by plant silicon double layer should get more attention in future research with emphasis on effects of UV-radiation on plant physiology.

Silica uptake from nanoparticles and silica condensation state in different tissues of Phragmites australis.

Silicon is described as beneficial for grasses by enhancing yield and fitness via a considerable contribution to pathogen, drought, and pest resistance. Silicic acid is the predominant form for uptake and transport within the plant and will precipitate in leaves. But it is unknown whether polymeric nanosilicon compounds in its synthetic form, with an increasing concentration in aquatic environments, can be suitable for plant nutrition. Therefore, we investigated the uptake, transport, and deposition of silicic acid/silica within plants using synthetic nanosilica. Our results show a significant difference in silicon (Si) content within the different tissues of Phragmites australis. The nanosilica had been dissolved prior to the uptake by plants. The chemical form of Si during uptake was not traceable. A significant enhancement in the condensation state of the silica was found from root to leaves especially from culm to leaf tips visible by the increasing content of Q(4)-groups in the NMR spectra. We conclude that synthetic nanosilica has the same quality as source for the beneficial element Si like natural silica. Since the condensation state is described to control silica solubility, we suggest that different condensation states within the plant may result in different remobilization of silicon during decomposition of the plant material.

Metal/metalloid accumulation/remobilization during aquatic litter decomposition in freshwater: a review.

The focus of this article is to combine two main areas of research activities in freshwater ecosystems: the effect of inorganic pollutants on freshwater ecosystems and litter decomposition as a fundamental ecological process in streams. The decomposition of plant litter in aquatic systems as a main energy source in running water ecosystems proceeds in three distinct temporal stages of leaching, conditioning and fragmentation. During these stages metals and metalloids may be fixed by litter, its decay products and the associated organisms. The global-scale problem of contaminated freshwater ecosystems by metals and metalloids has led to many investigations on the acute and chronic toxicity of these elements to plants and animals as well as the impact on animal activity under laboratory conditions. Where sorption properties and accumulation/remobilization potential of metals in sediments and attached microorganisms are quite well understood, the combination of both research areas concerning the impact of higher trophic levels on the modification of sediment sorption conditions and the influence of metal/metalloid pollution on decomposition of plant litter mediated by decomposer community, as well as the effect of high metal load during litter decay on organism health under field conditions, has still to be elucidated. So far it was found that microbes and invertebrate shredder (species of the genera Gammarus and Asellus) have a significant influence on metal fixation on litter. Not many studies focus on the impact of other functional groups affecting litter decay (e.g. grazer and collectors) or other main processes in freshwater ecosystems like bioturbation (e.g. Tubifex, Chironomus) on metal fixation/release.

Limited transfer of uranium to higher trophic levels by Gammarus pulex L. in contaminated environments.

In contrast to the classification of most invertebrate shredders being sensitive to uranium, a G. pulex L. population with reproduction was found in a stream at a former uranium mining site with uranium concentrations of 150 microg l(-1) in water and up to 2000 mg kg(-1) DW(-1) (dry weight) in litter born organic sediments. The survival of G. pulex, collected from a site without uranium contamination, was tested in a laboratory microcosm experiment using synthetic uranium-contaminated water and uranium-contaminated but nutrient rich food, simulating physicochemical conditions of water from former uranium mining sites. The results reveal that there are no significant differences in survival rate between individuals exposed and those not exposed to uranium. The uptake of uranium by G. pulex in environments with concentrations in food of 1152 mg kg(-1) in DM (dry mass, organically bound) and in water of 63.9 microg L(-1) is very low (4.48(1.93-8.46) mg kg(-1) in DM). The accumulation of uranium in these invertebrates was verified to be via two pathways: body surface and food. A relevant amount of uranium adsorbs to the body surface where it can readily be desorbed.