Principal role of fungi in soil carbon stabilization during early pedogenesis in the high Arctic.

Climate warming is causing widespread deglaciation and pioneer soil formation over glacial deposits. Melting glaciers expose rocky terrain and glacial till sediment that is relatively low in biomass, oligotrophic, and depleted in nutrients. Following initial colonization by microorganisms, glacial till sediments accumulate organic carbon and nutrients over time. However, the mechanisms driving soil nutrient stabilization during early pedogenesis after glacial retreat remain unclear. Here, we traced amino acid uptake by microorganisms in recently deglaciated high-Arctic soils and show that fungi play a critical role in the initial stabilization of the assimilated carbon. Pioneer basidiomycete yeasts were among the predominant taxa responsible for carbon assimilation, which were associated with overall high amino acid use efficiency and reduced respiration. In intermediate- and late-stage soils, lichenized ascomycete fungi were prevalent, but bacteria increasingly dominated amino acid assimilation, with substantially decreased fungal:bacterial amino acid assimilation ratios and increased respiration. Together, these findings demonstrate that fungi are important drivers of pedogenesis in high-Arctic ecosystems that are currently subject to widespread deglaciation from global warming.

Histoplasmosis around the world: A global perspective on the presentation, virulence factors, and treatment of histoplasmosis.

Histoplasmosis is a systemic infection caused by an endemic dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. Though prevalent in the eastern United States of America, near the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, the evidence underlying the global prevalence of histoplasmosis, especially in immunocompromised populations, is underappreciated. This article highlights the global epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology and pathophysiological characteristics, pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, prevention measures, radiographic patterns, diagnostic techniques, and antifungal treatment approaches for Histoplasma capsulatum.

Redefining a discovery: Charles Bell, the respiratory nervous system and the birth of the emotions.

Charles Bell was famous for the discovery of the separate motor and sensory roots of the spinal and facial nerves, although in recent years his right to priority has been challenged by historians and scientists. But Charles Bell did discover something even if has not been accorded the status of a scientific fact. Between 1821 and 1823 he unveiled the 'respiratory nervous system', a distinct system of nerves that acted as the 'organ of the passions', which he then elaborated upon in his 1824 Essays on the Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression. As Bell and his allies attempted to claim priority in the spinal and facial nerves, the respiratory nerves were pushed to the background, subordinated to the motor and sensory nerves. This essay, therefore, redefines Charles Bell's major discovery as the 'respiratory nerves', providing a detailed description of their anatomy and physiology and the way in which they underwrote Bell's theory of the emotions. It also demonstrates how his aesthetics were intertwined with his research programme. It then connects the respiratory nerves to Thomas Dixon's assertion that Bell was one of the founders of the modern psychological category of the emotions, providing a deeper and more nuanced genealogy of the emotions, including the impact that Bell had upon William James's seminal article 'What is an Emotion?'

Location of Shoulder Glenoid Labral Tears: A Study of 1763 Consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Anterior shoulder labral tearing has historically been considered the most common location of shoulder labral pathology. Recently, smaller studies have reported that posterior labral involvement may be more common than previously recognized. PURPOSE: To examine the location of surgically repaired labral tears by a single surgeon over a consecutive 23-year period. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 1763 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic or open shoulder labral repair by a single seniorsports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeon between April 2000 and April 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify patients, which included 29806, 29807, 29822, and 29823. Exclusion criteria included isolated shoulder manipulation or glenohumeral joint or labral debridement that did not include repair. Intraoperative glenoid labral tears observed were categorized into 7 broad categories: (1) anterior labral tears, (2) posterior labral tears, (3) superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) type II tears (A, B, or C), (4) SLAP type V tears, (5) SLAP type VIII tears, or (6) circumferential labral tears (combined SLAP, anterior, and posterior labral tear). Shoulders diagnosed with multiple tear patterns (ie, anterior and posterior) were also noted. RESULTS: During the 23-year period, 1763 patients underwent arthroscopic or open labral repair; they included 1295 male and 468 female patients, ranging in age from 12 to 70 years, with a mean age of 23.2 years and median age of 19 years. Overall, 28.4% of tears involved the anterior labrum, 64.9% involved the posterior labrum, and 59.6% involved the superior labrum. Regarding isolated tears, 9.3% were isolated anterior labral tears, 19.7% were isolated posterior labral tears, 11.5% involved the anterior and posterior labrum, 22.2% were isolated superior (SLAP type II-IV) tears, 3.63% were isolated SLAP type V tears, 29.8% were isolated SLAP type VIII tears, and 4.1% were circumferential tears. CONCLUSION: Posterior shoulder labral tearing was more common than anterior tearing in a large consecutive series of 1763 patients who underwent surgical repair. This highlights the importance of posterior labral pathology, which sometimes may be overlooked because of more vague complaints, with pain and loss of function being the most common.

The atmosphere: a transport medium or an active microbial ecosystem?

The atmosphere may be Earth's largest microbial ecosystem. It is connected to all of Earth's surface ecosystems and plays an important role in microbial dispersal on local to global scales. Despite this grand scale, surprisingly little is understood about the atmosphere itself as a habitat. A key question remains unresolved: does the atmosphere simply transport microorganisms from one location to another, or does it harbour adapted, resident, and active microbial communities that overcome the physiological stressors and selection pressures the atmosphere poses to life? Advances in extreme microbiology and astrobiology continue to push our understanding of the limits of life towards ever greater extremes of temperature, pressure, salinity, irradiance, pH, and water availability. Earth's atmosphere stands as a challenging, but potentially surmountable, extreme environment to harbour living, active, resident microorganisms. Here, we confront the current understanding of the atmosphere as a microbial habitat, highlighting key advances and limitations. We pose major ecological and mechanistic questions about microbial life in the atmosphere that remain unresolved and frame the problems and technical pitfalls that have largely hindered recent developments in this space, providing evidence-based insights to drive future research in this field. New innovations supported by rigorous technical standards are needed to enable progress in understanding atmospheric microorganisms and their influence on global processes of weather, climate, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and microbial connectivity, especially in the context of rapid global change.

Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's) Nasal Reconstruction: Improved Outcomes With No Surgical Delay.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) causes progressive nasal collapse, nasal obstruction, and central face deformity. It is not known whether cartilaginous nasal reconstruction should be performed immediately or delayed (after disease 'burn-out'). OBJECTIVES: For Wegener's nasal collapse to: (1) Assess the functional and aesthetic outcomes following immediate versus delayed nasal reconstruction; (2) Measure the impact of psychosocial well-being (anxiety, depression, social isolation) in immediate versus delayed nasal reconstruction. METHODS: Wegener's patients were compared with either 1) immediate or 2) delayed nasal surgery (n = 61). Functional and aesthetic severity were compared with the validated Standard Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcome Survey (SCHNOS) score (student's t-test). In addition, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) perioperative/1-year follow-up surveys were analyzed. RESULTS: At initial consultation, SCHNOS score severity types were similar for each group (Immediate vs Delayed): Mild (15% vs. 15%), Moderate (59% vs. 60%), and Severe (26% vs. 25%). Over a 30 ± 4 month wait, Delayed Surgery patients' conditions deteriorated with a shift from mild to more severe SCHNOS scores: Initial consultation vs. Prior to surgery (25 to 85). PROMIS scores at presentation were high compared to the general public; by the time of Delayed Surgery, patients significantly worsened: Anxiety (28 to 73), Depression (18 to 62), and Social Isolation (20 to 80). Although both immediate and delayed groups improved after surgery in functional and psychosocial scores, the immediate group was superior. CONCLUSIONS: Data showed superior functional/aesthetic scores, and superior psychosocial indicators with immediate cartilaginous nasal reconstruction compared to waiting until disease 'burn-out'.

Association of pulmonary function test abnormalities and quality-of-life measures after COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Long-COVID is a multisystem disease that can lead to significant impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Following COVID-19 infection, abnormalities on pulmonary function tests (PFT) are common. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate for any correlation between PFT abnormalities and impairment in HRQoL scores following COVID-19 infection. METHODS: This is an analysis of a prospective cohort of patients in Louisville, KY who were infected with COVID-19. Data collected included demographics, past medical history, laboratory tests, PFTs, and several HRQoL questionnaires such as the EuroQol 5 Dimension HRQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5 L), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Descriptive statistics were performed, comparing PFTs (normal vs abnormal) and time since COVID-19 infection (3- vs 6- vs ≥ 12 months). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in FEV1, FVC, or the percentage of patients with abnormal PFTs over time after COVID-19 infection. Following COVID-19, patients with normal PFTs had worse impairment in mobility HRQoL scores and change in GAD-7 scores over time. There were no differences over time in any of the HRQoL scores among patients with abnormal PFTs. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with an abnormal PFT, there was no temporal association with HRQoL scores as measured by EQ-5D-5 L, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PCL-5. Among patients with a normal PFT, mobility impairment and anxiety may be associated with COVID-19 infection. Following COVID-19 infection, impairment in HRQoL scores is not completely explained by the presence of abnormalities on spirometry.

Comparative secretome analysis of Striga and Cuscuta species identifies candidate virulence factors for two evolutionarily independent parasitic plant lineages.

BACKGROUND: Many parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Cuscuta inflict huge agricultural damage worldwide. To form and maintain a connection with a host plant, parasitic plants deploy virulence factors (VFs) that interact with host biology. They possess a secretome that represents the complement of proteins secreted from cells and like other plant parasites such as fungi, bacteria or nematodes, some secreted proteins represent VFs crucial to successful host colonisation. Understanding the genome-wide complement of putative secreted proteins from parasitic plants, and their expression during host invasion, will advance understanding of virulence mechanisms used by parasitic plants to suppress/evade host immune responses and to establish and maintain a parasite-host interaction. RESULTS: We conducted a comparative analysis of the secretomes of root (Striga spp.) and shoot (Cuscuta spp.) parasitic plants, to enable prediction of candidate VFs. Using orthogroup clustering and protein domain analyses we identified gene families/functional annotations common to both Striga and Cuscuta species that were not present in their closest non-parasitic relatives (e.g. strictosidine synthase like enzymes), or specific to either the Striga or Cuscuta secretomes. For example, Striga secretomes were strongly associated with 'PAR1' protein domains. These were rare in the Cuscuta secretomes but an abundance of 'GMC oxidoreductase' domains were found, that were not present in the Striga secretomes. We then conducted transcriptional profiling of genes encoding putatively secreted proteins for the most agriculturally damaging root parasitic weed of cereals, S. hermonthica. A significant portion of the Striga-specific secretome set was differentially expressed during parasitism, which we probed further to identify genes following a 'wave-like' expression pattern peaking in the early penetration stage of infection. We identified 39 genes encoding putative VFs with functions such as cell wall modification, immune suppression, protease, kinase, or peroxidase activities, that are excellent candidates for future functional studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our study represents a comprehensive secretome analysis among parasitic plants and revealed both similarities and differences in candidate VFs between Striga and Cuscuta species. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new management strategies and delaying the evolution of virulence in parasitic weeds.

Arctic plasmidome analysis reveals distinct relationships among associated antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes along anthropogenic gradients.

Polar regions are relatively isolated from human activity and thus could offer insight into anthropogenic and ecological drivers of the spread of antibiotic resistance. Plasmids are of particular interest in this context given the central role that they are thought to play in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, plasmidomes are challenging to profile in environmental samples. The objective of this study was to compare various aspects of the plasmidome associated with glacial ice and adjacent aquatic environments across the high Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, representing a gradient of anthropogenic inputs and specific treated and untreated wastewater outflows to the sea. We accessed plasmidomes by applying enrichment cultures, plasmid isolation and shotgun Illumina sequencing of environmental samples. We examined the abundance and diversity of ARGs and other stress-response genes that might be co/cross-selected or co-transported in these environments, including biocide resistance genes (BRGs), metal resistance genes (MRGs), virulence genes (VGs) and integrons. We found striking differences between glacial ice and aquatic environments in terms of the ARGs carried by plasmids. We found a strong correlation between MRGs and ARGs in plasmids in the wastewaters and fjords. Alternatively, in glacial ice, VGs and BRGs genes were dominant, suggesting that glacial ice may be a repository of pathogenic strains. Moreover, ARGs were not found within the cassettes of integrons carried by the plasmids, which is suggestive of unique adaptive features of the microbial communities to their extreme environment. This study provides insight into the role of plasmids in facilitating bacterial adaptation to Arctic ecosystems as well as in shaping corresponding resistomes. Increasing human activity, warming of Arctic regions and associated increases in the meltwater run-off from glaciers could contribute to the release and spread of plasmid-related genes from Svalbard to the broader pool of ARGs in the Arctic Ocean.

The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa's major land uses.

Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems.

Sequential multiple assignment randomised trial to develop an adaptive mobile health intervention to increase physical activity in people poststroke in the community setting in Ireland: TAPAS trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the second-leading cause of death and disability globally. Participation in physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of secondary prevention in stroke care. Given the heterogeneous nature of stroke, PA interventions that are adaptive to individual performance are recommended. Mobile health (mHealth) has been identified as a potential approach to supporting PA poststroke. To this end, we aim to use a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomised Trial (SMART) design to develop an adaptive, user-informed mHealth intervention to improve PA poststroke. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The components included in the 12-week intervention are based on empirical evidence and behavioural change theory and will include treatments to increase participation in Structured Exercise and Lifestyle or a combination of both. 117 participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment components. At 6 weeks postinitial randomisation, participants will be classified as responders or non-responders based on participants' change in step count. Non-responders to the initial treatment will be randomly assigned to a different treatment allocation. The primary outcome will be PA (steps/day), feasibility and secondary clinical and cost outcomes will also be included. A SMART design will be used to evaluate the optimum adaptive PA intervention among community-dwelling, ambulatory people poststroke. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted by the Health Service Executive Mid-Western Ethics Committee (REC Ref: 026/2022). The findings will be submitted for publication and presented at relevant national and international academic conferences TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05606770.

Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Knee: Evidence-Based Treatment.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a potentially disabling condition in adolescent and young adults, which is likely multifactorial in origin. In recent years, there have been notable improvements in identification and treatment. Clinical presentation varies based mostly on OCD lesion stability. Patients with stable lesions generally present with vague knee pain and altered gait while mechanical symptoms and effusion are more common with unstable lesions. Lesions most commonly occur on the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle in patients aged 10 to 20 years. Magnetic resonance imaging is vital to diagnose and predict clinical treatment, which is largely based on stability of the fragment. Conservative treatment of stable lesions in patients with open physis is recommended with protected weight-bearing and gradual progression of activities over the course of 3 to 6 months. Stable OCD lesions which failed a nonsurgical course can be treated with transarticular or retrograde drilling while unstable lesions usually require fixation, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS), or osteochondral allograft transplantation. This review highlights the most current understanding of knee OCD lesions and treatment options with the goal of optimizing outcomes in this difficult pathology.

Ethical Issues Surrounding Facial Feminization Surgery: Five Major Considerations.

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a form of gender-affirming care for the transgender population that is currently a highly debated topic both inside and outside of the medical community. Currently, a paucity of information is available in plastic surgery literature on ethical issues surrounding FFS. In this paper, we discuss 5 major ethical considerations for plastic surgeons with regard to FFS: (1) how society's changing view of gender has impacted the importance of FFS; (2) whether FFS is medically necessary and should be covered by insurance; (3) to what extent resources should be invested in removing barriers to access FFS; (4) how patient selection criteria should address the irreversibility of the procedure and age of consent; and (5) how femininity and beauty standards contribute to each other and whether they can be disentangled. This paper aims to analyze the arguments made for and against each of these 5 nuanced issues and to expand these debates from the theoretical to the practical by suggesting approaches for reconciliation.

Understanding Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Windmill Softball Pitcher.

Although pitching-related injuries in the overhead athlete have been studied extensively, injuries associated with windmill pitching are not as clearly elucidated. Windmill pitching produces high forces and torques in the upper extremity, and studies have shown it creates similar shoulder and elbow joint loads to those reported in baseball pitchers. Studies have shown that the windmill pitching motion generates high levels of biceps activation with an eccentric load, placing the biceps at increased risk for overuse injuries. Although the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine published prevention guidelines including recommendations for maximum pitch counts in softball, these recommendations have not been adopted by most United States softball governing bodies. The repetitive windmill motion in conjunction with high pitch count demands in competitive softball creates notable challenges for the sports medicine physician. As with overhead throwing athletes, identifying and preventing overuse is crucial in preventing injuries in the windmill pitcher, and prevention and rehabilitation should focus on optimizing mechanics and kinematics, core, hip, and lower body strength, and recognition of muscle fatigue. With more than two million fastpitch softball participants in the United States, it is essential to better understand the etiology, evaluation, and prevention of injuries in the windmill pitching athlete.

External validation of Fibresolve, a machine-learning algorithm, to non-invasively diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown the ability of Fibresolve, a machine learning system, to non-invasively classify idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with a pre-invasive sensitivity of 53% and specificity of 86% versus other types of interstitial lung disease. Further external validation for the use of Fibresolve to classify IPF in patients with non-definite usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is needed. The aim of this study is to assess the sensitivity for Fibresolve to positively classify IPF in an external cohort of patients with a non-definite UIP radiographic pattern. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients (n = 193) enrolled in two prospective phase two clinical trials that enrolled patients with IPF. We retrospectively identified patients with non-definite UIP on HRCT (n = 51), 47 of whom required surgical lung biopsy for diagnosis. Fibresolve was used to analyze the HRCT chest imaging which was obtained prior to invasive biopsy and sensitivity for final diagnosis of IPF was calculated. RESULTS: The sensitivity of Fibresolve for the non-invasive classification of IPF in patients with a non-definite UIP radiographic pattern by HRCT was 76.5% (95% CI 66.5-83.7). For the subgroup of 47 patients who required surgical biopsy to aid in final diagnosis of IPF, Fibresolve had a sensitivity of 74.5% (95% CI 60.5-84.7). CONCLUSION: In patients with suspected IPF with non-definite UIP on HRCT, Fibresolve can positively identify cases of IPF with high sensitivity. These results suggest that in combination with standard clinical assessment, Fibresolve has the potential to serve as an adjunct in the non-invasive diagnosis of IPF.

Facial Feminization: Perioperative Care and Surgical Approaches.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the regional anatomy involved in facial feminization surgery, the key differences between the male and female face, and surgical approaches for modification. 2. Appreciate the integration of preoperative virtual planning and nonoperative approaches for facial feminization care. 3. Understand the perioperative process and potential complications and sequela. 4. Understand the importance of transgender care acceptance as it pertains to clinical outcomes. SUMMARY: Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is composed of a broad spectrum of gender-affirming surgical procedures with the goal of modifying specific facial features to create a more feminine appearance. As FFS continues to evolve as a subspecialty of transgender care, it is important to consider the psychosocial evaluation, evolving aesthetic tastes, nonoperative facial feminization care, preoperative virtual planning, specialized instrumentation, and potential complications/sequelae when performing these procedures. Computed tomographic imaging and virtual preoperative planning may be used to assist the surgeon with morphologic typing of the brow, supraorbital rim, chin, and lateral mandible regions and aid in performing safer, more efficient procedures. The increasing number of FFS procedures performed on transwomen annually has been supported by objective outcome studies that demonstrate progress in minimizing both misgendering in social environments and reducing dysphoric feelings.

Management of Patellar Tendinopathy.

Patellar tendinopathy is a common pathology typically seen in athletes involved in repetitive explosive jumping and running activities. Also known as jumpers' knee, it is commonly seen in high-level basketball players. Typically, athletes continue to play with symptoms, which can be aggravated and progress to partial patellar tendon tears. When partial patellar tendon tears occur, prolonged recovery and decreased performance is commonly seen. The pathology and treatment can be frustrating for both the athlete and medical provider. Patellar tendinopathy typically does not involve inflammation but rather microinjury to the tendon fibers, which leads to mucoid degeneration, necrosis, and loss of transitional fibrocartilage. When partial tendon tears do occur, the typical location is posteromedially adjacent to the patella. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with nonoperative means, including activity modification, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and physical therapy focused on eccentrics. Extracorporeal shock wave treatments and injections with platelet-rich plasma or bone marrow aspirate concentrate should be considered, with evolving literature to support their use. Ultrasound percutaneous tendon scrapping with a needle supplemented with the aforementioned injections is an emerging treatment option that the authors have found to be helpful, although further studies are required. Surgical intervention is considered after failure of nonoperative treatments, and typically occurs in tears greater than 50% of the tendon thickness and in tendons with increased thickness (>8.8 mm). Open or arthroscopic debridement can be considered, with no studies showing superior outcomes with either technique; however, no high-quality comparison studies exist. The authors prefer an open technique where, much like a bone-patellar tendon-bone harvest, the unhealthy proximal tendon and bone are excised with then closure of the healthy tendon with absorbable sutures. Suture anchor repair may also be used when necessary. In a recent systematic review, surgical management of patellar tendinopathy has been shown to result in improved patient-reported outcomes with return to sport at high levels.1 Treatment for the difficult and sometimes frustrating pathology of patellar tendinopathy continues to evolve, with biologic and less-invasive ultrasound-based treatments showing promise, and surgical intervention providing reliable outcomes.

Facial Feminization Surgery: Anatomical Differences, Preoperative Planning, Techniques, and Ethical Considerations.

Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS) is a transformative surgical approach aimed at aligning the facial features of transgender women with their gender identity. Through a systematic analysis, this paper explores the clinical differences between male and female facial skeletons along with the craniofacial techniques employed in FFS for each region. The preoperative planning stage is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of virtual planning and AI morphing as valuable tools to be used to achieve surgical precision. Consideration is given to special circumstances, such as procedure sequencing for older patients and silicone removal. Clinical outcomes, through patient-reported outcome measures and AI-based gender-typing assessments, showcase the efficacy of FFS in achieving proper gender recognition and alleviating gender dysphoria. This comprehensive review not only offers valuable insights into the current state of knowledge regarding FFS but also emphasizes the potential of artificial intelligence in outcome evaluation and surgical planning to further advance patient care and satisfaction with FFS.

Moderate to severe hepatic steatosis on computerized tomography imaging: Prevalence in obese Pacific Islanders and Asians.

Background and Aim: Hepatic steatosis (HS) is common worldwide, but there is little data on the prevalence of HS in Pacific Islanders (PIs) and Asians within the United States. Our aim was to compare prevalence of HS in obese 18-50-year-olds of Asian and PI ethnicity who underwent computerized tomography (CT). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all members of an integrated healthcare system who self-identified as Asian or PI, were between the ages of 18 and 50 years, had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, and underwent a CT scan that included the liver during 2021, resulting in 748 subjects. Imaging was analyzed using a method sensitive and specific for moderate to severe HS. Additionally, multiple binary logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between HS and HbA1c, BMI, and age. Results: Of the 748 patients, 311 (41.6%) had HS. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of HS between Asians and PIs (χ2 1 = 1.3, P = 0.25), between Asian and PI men (χ2 1 = 2.8, P = 0.096), or between Asian and PI women (χ2 1 = 0.053, P = 0.82). Higher odds of HS was associated with increasing BMI (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.06-1.11; P < 0.001) and HbA1c (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04-1.26; P = 0.00489), but HS was not associated with age in this age range (OR = 0.993; 95% CI: 0.973-1.01; P = 0.46). Conclusion: Moderate to severe HS is very common in obese Asian and PI adults, and occurs at similar rates in these ethnicities. Abdominal CT imaging presents an opportunity to diagnose HS and provides relevant information to patients and healthcare providers.

Correlation of Acromial Morphology With Risk and Direction of Shoulder Instability: An MRI Study.

BACKGROUND: The influence of bony morphology on the development of posterior shoulder instability is not well known. PURPOSE: To determine if acromial morphology, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is associated with posterior or anterior shoulder instability. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: MRI measurements of posterior acromial coverage (PAC), posterior acromial height (PAH), posterior acromial tilt (PAT), and anterior acromial coverage (AAC) were completed for 3 separate matched groups who underwent surgical intervention: posterior instability, anterior instability, and a comparison group of patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery for snapping scapula. Inclusion criteria were patients with recurrent instability <40 years of age without multidirectional instability, glenoid bone loss >13.5%, or glenoid retroversion >10%. RESULTS: Overall, 37 patients were included in each group. PAC was significantly less in the posterior instability group than in the anterior instability and comparison groups (68.3° vs 88.7° vs 81.7°; P < .001). PAH was significantly greater in the posterior group than in the anterior instability group (11.0 mm vs -0.1 mm; P < .001) and comparison group (0.7 mm; P < .001). There was no difference between the posterior and anterior groups in terms of PAT or AAC (P = .45 and P = .05, respectively). PAT was significantly smaller in the posterior instability group than the comparison group (55.2° vs 62.2°; P = .026). The anterior and comparison groups were not significantly different in PAH or PAT (P = .874 and P = .067, respectively) but were significantly different in AAC (P = .026). CONCLUSION: A higher and flatter posterior acromion, as measured on preoperative MRI, appears to be associated with patients who require arthroscopic capsulolabral repair due to posterior shoulder instability. This information may help clinicians to both diagnose and predict the need for operative intervention for patients with posterior labral tears.