[The structure of blood gut microbiota markers in athletes and their relationship with the diet].

It is known that under conditions of ultra-high physical activity and a specific diet, the state of the microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the health, metabolic and energy status of athletes. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the composition of blood microbial markers in professional football players and physically active people and their correlation with diets in order to substantiate recommendations for their optimization. Material and methods. In a cross-sectional study a group of football players (n=24, 28±3 years old, body mass index - 22.5±1.0 kg/m2) who received a diet according to the training regimen, and a comparison group of physically active individuals (n=25, 34±5 years old, body mass index - 21.8±2.8 kg/m2) have been examined. The method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze microbial markers of microbiome, mycobiome, virome and blood metabolome populations. Data on actual dietary intake were collected using food diaries for 3 days, followed by data processing with the Nutrium 2.13.0 nutritional computer program. For analysis, individual daily requirements for energy and macronutrients have been calculated based on the basal metabolic rate (according to the Mifflin-San Geor formula, taking into account anthropometric data), the coefficient of physical activity (groups IV and II, respectively). Results. The analysis of the athletes' diet, compared with individual requirements and with the recommendations of the International Society for Sports Nutrition (ISSN), revealed a lack of complex carbohydrates (5±1 instead of 6.1±0.3 g/kg body weight day), an excess of sugars (23±4 instead of <10% of kcal). These figures are significantly higher than the intake of similar nutrients in physically active people in the comparison group. In football players, compared with the comparison group, significant changes in microbial markers were found for Alcaligenes spp., Clostridium ramosum, Coryneform CDC-group XX, Staphylococcus epidermidis (p<0.001), known for their pro-inflammatory activity in the intestine, as well as for Lactobacillus spp. (p<0.001) performing a protective function. In addition, mycobiome markers were increased in athletes: Candida spp. (p<0.001), Aspergillus spp. (p<0.001), among which there are potential pathogens of mycoses. This was not observed in the comparison group. At the same time, an increase in the microbial markers of Alcaligenes spp., Coryneform CDC-group XX, Lactobacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., Candida spp. Micromycetes spp., containing campesterol in the cell wall, in football players positively correlated with a high calorie diet (p<0.001). A similar correlation of mycobiome markers (Micromycetes spp., containing sitosterol in the cell wall, ρ=0.346, p=0.015) was observed with an excess of easily digestible carbohydrates. Taking into account the data obtained, a correction of the diet have been proposed: increasing the consumption of carbohydrates to 7.3-7.5 g/kg of body weight/day by including bakery products from whole grain flour and cereals in the diet (up to 300-370 g/day), limiting simple sugars (up to 90-95 g/day). Conclusion. High physical activity leads to changes in the structure of blood microbial markers, including a shift towards an increase in potentially pathogenic fungi. Wherein, a predictive role is played by an imbalance of macronutrients in terms of quantitative and qualitative composition, an excess of simple sugars, and a lack of slowly digestible carbohydrates. To correct the diet, an additional inclusion in the diet of their main sources - products from cereals (cereals and bakery products) is proposed.

[Intestinal microbiote of athletes].

The intestinal microbiota, due to new data on its functions obtained in the last decade, has become a new target point of influence on the organism. However, nowadays knowledge about the possible impact of physical activity and sports on the composition of the gut microbiota and, as a result, on the organism is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge about the gut microbiota of healthy people with different levels of physical activity (from athletes to physically inactive people), and to identify patterns in the composition of the microbiota of various surveyed groups. Material and methods. A systematic search was carried out in electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and eLIBRARY. The search process was carried out using keywords and logical operators. We included the following studies in our review: a) crossover studies comparing the gut microbiome of subjects with different physical activity; b) studies involving healthy adult women and men (18-45 years old); c) studies written in English and Russian. We excluded studies containing dietary changes, consumption of probiotics or prebiotics, and studies of physical activity in sick people. Results and discussion. Total 743 articles were received, of which 14 articles fully met the search criteria, and 101 articles partially corresponded. An analysis of the data from these studies indicated noticeable differences in the microbiota between athletes and people leading an sedentary lifestyle: the athletes had a greater α-diversity of the microbiota, while the level of microorganisms of the phylum Bacteroidetes was reduced; Akkermansiaceae and Faecalibacterium bacteria are elevated in athletes and people with active lifestyles. Different levels of physical activity in physically active people according to the levels of cardiorespiratory endurance did not affect the level of α- and ß-diversity. When analyzing the effect of loads on the microbiota in various sports disciplines and skill levels, a connection was found with an increase in α-diversity in professionals and highly qualified athletes, with the relative content of series of bacteria (Methanobrevibacter smithii in professional cyclists; Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Oscillibacter, Bilophila, Megasphaera in athletes of high martial arts qualifications of wushu; Eubacterium rectale, Polynucleobacter needarius, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides vulgatus, Gordonibacter massiliensis in athletes of international level of various sports), and certain genera of bacteria have been identified (Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Besilibacterium). Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a higher relative proportion of microbiota effective members, which are involved in the fermentation of complex polysaccharides and the production of short-chain fatty acids such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium hallii, Phascolarctobacterium, Eubacterium rectale, and Methanobrevibacter smithii, which increases the fermentation efficiency of many bacterial taxa in the gut by using hydrogen gas (H2) and formate to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane. There is a need to study other members of the microecological community, leading to a better understanding of the adaptation of the gut microbiota to levels of physical activity and its potentially positive effects on metabolism and endurance.

[Role of tomatoes and products thereof in human healthy diet].

Tomatoes are an essential part of the diet. Epidemiological studies have established a link between the consumption of tomatoes, which contain carotenoids, and a reduction in the risk of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Ripe tomato fruits are dark red in color due to the carotenoid lycopene, which is synthesized during fruit ripening. The aim of this review was to summarize and analyze modern data on the role of tomatoes and their processed products in healthy human nutrition. Results. The beneficial effects of this vegetable on bone health, cognitive function, and the cardiovascular system have been studied. However, large intervention studies are needed to confirm a real causal relationship between tomato consumption and the risk of these diseases. Given the presence of various useful bioactive components in tomatoes, the results of most studies provide a reason to include more tomatoes and their processed products in the diet. However, both excessive and regular consumption of this vegetable can cause some side effects in the human body. Conclusion. Recent studies highlight the relationship between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of various diseases such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tomatoes, thanks to the bioactive substances they contain, with an adequate level of consumption, can become effective component of a healthy diet.

[Ethylene-induced activation of xylanase in adventitious roots of maize as a response to the stress effect of root submersion]. / Indutsirovannia étilenom aktivatsiia ksilanazy v pridatochnykh korniakh kukuruzy kak otvet na stressovoe vliianie kornevogo zatopleniia.

Submersion of roots of ten-day-old maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings was accompanied by a decrease in pO2 and an increase in pCO2 of the medium adjacent to roots. These changes stimulated ethylene evolution in intact plants. Enhanced biosynthesis of ethylene was accompanied by xylanase activation in adventitious roots. As a result, an enhanced formation of aerenchyma was observed in the cortex of adventitious roots. Therefore, these processes resulted in the development of a ventilation system by which O2 can reach the root system exposed to hypoxia. The volume of aerenchyma was assessed by the volume of gas cavities (porosity). In contrast to the main root, the growth of adventitious roots was not inhibited under these conditions. Enlargement of the stem base and increase in the number of aerenchymatous adventitious roots facilitated the oxygen supply to submerged organs of plants.