Relationship between the level and the action period of fiber in diets to laying hens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the level of fiberand its action period in diets to laying hens on performance and egg quality. 180 Hisex white hens (65 weeks-old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 60 birds each, comprising 10 replicates of six birds per treatment. The experimental design was factorial scheme considering three levels of fiber(2.50, 4.87 and 7.24%) in birds diets, and three action periods of this fiber(short -21 days, medium -56 days, and long -105 days) in the feed. The estimates of treatments were firstly subjected to ANOVA and a subsequent Tukey test at 5%. Birds fed diets with moderate levels of fiber(4.87%) presented better (p<0.05) performance. High levels of fibercaused a significant reduction in performance.Birds fed diets with low and moderate levels of fiberproduced eggs with better (p<0.05) quality. High levels of fibercaused a significant reduction in egg quality.The exposure of birds to diets with fiberfor long-term caused a negative effect (p<0.05) on performance, egg weight and percentage of its main structures, albumen height, yolk height, eggshell thickness, and the specific gravity.(AU)

Relationship between the level and the action period of fiber in diets to laying hens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the level of fiberand its action period in diets to laying hens on performance and egg quality. 180 Hisex white hens (65 weeks-old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 60 birds each, comprising 10 replicates of six birds per treatment. The experimental design was factorial scheme considering three levels of fiber(2.50, 4.87 and 7.24%) in birds’ diets, and three action periods of this fiber(short -21 days, medium -56 days, and long -105 days) in the feed. The estimates of treatments were firstly subjected to ANOVA and a subsequent Tukey test at 5%. Birds fed diets with moderate levels of fiber(4.87%) presented better (p<0.05) performance. High levels of fibercaused a significant reduction in performance.Birds fed diets with low and moderate levels of fiberproduced eggs with better (p<0.05) quality. High levels of fibercaused a significant reduction in egg quality.The exposure of birds to diets with fiberfor long-term caused a negative effect (p<0.05) on performance, egg weight and percentage of its main structures, albumen height, yolk height, eggshell thickness, and the specific gravity.

Açaí meal on diet digestibility for commercial laying hens

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wksold) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.(AU)

Açaí meal on diet digestibility for commercial laying hens

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wksold) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.

Effects of xylanase and probiotic supplementation on broiler chicken diets

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of xylanase and probiotic supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal pH, intestinal viscosity, and ileal microbiota of broiler chickens fed diets containing wheat bran. The study animals were kept in metal cages, and the study was performed using a completely randomized design, with four treatments, six birds per treatment, and six replicates. The four treatments included a control group, a probiotic-supplemented group, a xylanase-supplemented group, and a group that received both xylanase and probiotic supplementation. The diets of all four groups contained wheat bran (50 and 30 g/kg for the starter and grower phases, respectively) and phytase, and at 10 d after hatching, the experimental birds were challenged orally with Eimeria sp commercial vaccine. During the initial phase, supplementation with xylanase, probiotics, or their combination yielded greater weight gains than the control diet; however, considering the period from 10-35 d, the chickens receiving xylanase + probiotic and the diet without the additives showed lower weight gain (2.746 and 2.600 kg, respectively). All the supplemented diets reduced cecum viscosity, and supplementation with probiotic showed a significantly lower pH (6.11). The ileal microbiota was also influenced by xylanase and probiotic supplementation, modulating the frequencies of the genera Lactobacillus and Clostridium. The positive effects of supplementation with xylanase or probiotics alone were similar to those of co-supplementation, and no associative effect was observed.(AU)

Digestible threonine for slow-growing broilers: performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal mucin, and duodenal morphometry

Five experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible threonine requirements of slow-growing broilers: experiment 1, starter phase (days 10 to 28); experiment 2, grower I phase (days 29 to 49); experiment 3, grower II phase (days 50 to 69); experiment 4, finisher phase (days 70 to 84); and experiment 5, which was specifically conducted to determine the production of intestinal mucin over two periods (days 50 to 69 and 70 to 84). Different birds were used in all experiments. A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of increasing the values of digestible threonine in the diet through basal feed supplementation with L-threonine (98.5%), which was added instead of cornstarch. The following values of digestible threonine were investigated: 0.622, 0.697, 0.772, 0.847, and 0.922% in experiment 1; 0.586, 0.662, 0.738, 0.814, and 0.890% in experiment 2; 0.570, 0.640, 0.71, 0.780, and 0.850% in experiments 3 and 5; and 0.520, 0.595, 0.670, 0.745, and 0.820% in experiments 4 and 5. The digestible threonine values presented quadratic effects on feed conversion ratio in experiments 1, 2, and 3. Digestible threonine values of 0.628 and 0.609% resulted in higher villus height and greater duodenal crypt depth, respectively. Digestible threonine values of 0.762, 0.767, and 0.733% may be recommended for the starter, grower I, and grower II phases, respectively, based on the best feed conversion ratio. In addition, a digestible threonine level of 0.694% may be recommended for the finisher phase based on the highest production of intestinal mucin.(AU)

Caracterização físico-química e rendimento do filé e resíduos de diferentes espécies de jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp. ) / Physicochemical characterization and fillet and waste yield of different species of jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp. )

Jaraqui is a fish found in the Amazon basin. The species has low commercial value when compared to noble fish of the region, such as tambaqui, arapaima and matrinxã, being consumed mostly by the low-income population. To better use of this fish and to aggregate value, we analyzed two filleting procedures, chemical composition and fillet yield of two jaraqui species, as well as the performance of their waste. The work was developed in two stages; the first, two filleting methods were analyzed, and biometrics taken; in the second stage we used the methodology filleting presented the best performance, biometrics were taken and analyzed the chemical composition of the fillets. The results showed that the method of filleting and subsequent removal of the skin was that provided greater fillet yield. In the second stage, the skinless fillet yield ranged between 30.96 and 32.29% and the fillet with skin between 40.29 and 41.20% for jaraqui of coarse scale and fine scale respectively. The residues showed yield from 67.62 to 69.15% of body weight for jaraquis of coarse scale and fine scale, respectively. Regarding centesimal composition, only protein levels did not differ between species (p>0.05), and both showed high lipid content, which may be related to the period in which they were acquired, the migration to spawning. We conclude therefore that both species exhibited good fillet yield and residue, indicating that can be exploited by processingand handicrafts industries.

Jaraqui é um peixe encontrado na bacia Amazônica, que possui baixo valor comercial quando comparado a peixes nobres da região, como o tambaqui, pirarucu e matrinxã, sendo consumido pela maioria da população de baixa renda. Visando o melhor aproveitamento e agregação de valor a esse pescado, foram analisados dois procedimentos de filetagem, composição centesimal e rendimento do filé de duas espécies de jaraqui, assim como o rendimento de seus resíduos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas; na primeira foram analisadas duas metodologias de filetagem e tomados dados biométricos; na segunda etapa foi utilizada a metodologia de filetagem que apresentou melhor rendimento, foram tomados dados biométricos e analisada a composição centesimal dos filés. Os resultados apontaram que a metodologia de filetagem e posterior retirada da pele foi a que proporcionou um maior rendimento de filé. Na segunda etapa, o rendimento de filé sem pele variou entre 30,96 e 32,29%, e de filé com pele, entre 40,29 e 41,20% para jaraqui de escama grossa e escama fina, respectivamente. Os resíduos apresentaram rendimento de 67,62% a 69,15% do peso corporal de jaraquis de escama fina e escama grossa, respectivamente. Com relaçãoà composição centesimal, apenas teores de proteína não diferiram entre as espécies (p>0,05), e ambas apresentaram altos teores de lipídios, fato que pode estar relacionado ao período em que foram adquiridos, na migração para desova. Ambas as espécies apresentam bom rendimento de filé e de resíduos, indicando que podem ser aproveitadas pelas indústrias processadoras e de artesanato.

Caracterização físico-química e rendimento do filé e resíduos de diferentes espécies de jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp. ) / Physicochemical characterization and fillet and waste yield of different species of jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp. )

Jaraqui is a fish found in the Amazon basin. The species has low commercial value when compared to noble fish of the region, such as tambaqui, arapaima and matrinxã, being consumed mostly by the low-income population. To better use of this fish and to aggregate value, we analyzed two filleting procedures, chemical composition and fillet yield of two jaraqui species, as well as the performance of their waste. The work was developed in two stages; the first, two filleting methods were analyzed, and biometrics taken; in the second stage we used the methodology filleting presented the best performance, biometrics were taken and analyzed the chemical composition of the fillets. The results showed that the method of filleting and subsequent removal of the skin was that provided greater fillet yield. In the second stage, the skinless fillet yield ranged between 30.96 and 32.29% and the fillet with skin between 40.29 and 41.20% for jaraqui of coarse scale and fine scale respectively. The residues showed yield from 67.62 to 69.15% of body weight for jaraquis of coarse scale and fine scale, respectively. Regarding centesimal composition, only protein levels did not differ between species (p>0.05), and both showed high lipid content, which may be related to the period in which they were acquired, the migration to spawning. We conclude therefore that both species exhibited good fillet yield and residue, indicating that can be exploited by processingand handicrafts industries.(AU)

Jaraqui é um peixe encontrado na bacia Amazônica, que possui baixo valor comercial quando comparado a peixes nobres da região, como o tambaqui, pirarucu e matrinxã, sendo consumido pela maioria da população de baixa renda. Visando o melhor aproveitamento e agregação de valor a esse pescado, foram analisados dois procedimentos de filetagem, composição centesimal e rendimento do filé de duas espécies de jaraqui, assim como o rendimento de seus resíduos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas; na primeira foram analisadas duas metodologias de filetagem e tomados dados biométricos; na segunda etapa foi utilizada a metodologia de filetagem que apresentou melhor rendimento, foram tomados dados biométricos e analisada a composição centesimal dos filés. Os resultados apontaram que a metodologia de filetagem e posterior retirada da pele foi a que proporcionou um maior rendimento de filé. Na segunda etapa, o rendimento de filé sem pele variou entre 30,96 e 32,29%, e de filé com pele, entre 40,29 e 41,20% para jaraqui de escama grossa e escama fina, respectivamente. Os resíduos apresentaram rendimento de 67,62% a 69,15% do peso corporal de jaraquis de escama fina e escama grossa, respectivamente. Com relaçãoà composição centesimal, apenas teores de proteína não diferiram entre as espécies (p>0,05), e ambas apresentaram altos teores de lipídios, fato que pode estar relacionado ao período em que foram adquiridos, na migração para desova. Ambas as espécies apresentam bom rendimento de filé e de resíduos, indicando que podem ser aproveitadas pelas indústrias processadoras e de artesanato.(AU)

Incubation artificial processes associated with the application of different reproductive methods in matrices semi heavy / Processos de incubação artificial associados à aplicação de diferentes métodos reprodutivos em matrizes semipesadas

The objective of this study was different reproductive methods in birds from two semiheavy lineages and evaluate their effects on the processes of artificial incubation of eggs and carcass yield of chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2) with factors: reproductive methods (artificial insemination and natural breeding) and two semi-heavy lineages (Plymouth Barred Rock and Rhode Island Red). Were used 26 matrices (23 females and 3 males) for each factor that led to 62 eggs each, totaling 248 eggs, each egg being a repeat. The eggs were weighed before and after the incubation period to determine weight loss and performing comparative analysis between the egg weight and the weight of chick. During the incubation period was evaluated the reproductive performance of the matrices, and after birth, 8 chicks each factor were killed for analysis of carcass thereof. No significant differences (P> 0.05) were found between reproductive performance and the relationship between chick weight and egg weight. The yolk sac and liver weights were affected (P 0.05) by treatment with a Plymouth Rock Barred strain showed the best results.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos reprodutivos em aves de duas linhagens semipesadas e avaliar seus efeitos sobre os processos de incubação artificial dos ovos e do rendimento de carcaça dos pintainhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) com os fatores: métodos reprodutivos (inseminação artificial e monta natural) e duas linhagens semipesadas (Plymouth Rock Barrada e Rhode Island Red). Foram utilizadas 26 matrizes (23 fêmeas e 3 machos) para cada fator que originaram 62 ovos cada, totalizando 248 ovos, sendo cada ovo uma repetição. Os ovos foram pesados antes e após o período de incubação para determinação da perda de peso e realização de análise comparativa entre o peso do ovo e o peso do pinto. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, e após o nascimento, foram abatidos 8 pintos de cada fator para análise do rendimento de carcaça dos mesmos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre o desempenho reprodutivo e a relação entre o peso do pinto e o peso do ovo. O peso do saco vitelino e peso do fígado foram afetados(AU)

Incubation artificial processes associated with the application of different reproductive methods in matrices semi heavy / Processos de incubação artificial associados à aplicação de diferentes métodos reprodutivos em matrizes semipesadas

The objective of this study was different reproductive methods in birds from two semiheavy lineages and evaluate their effects on the processes of artificial incubation of eggs and carcass yield of chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2) with factors: reproductive methods (artificial insemination and natural breeding) and two semi-heavy lineages (Plymouth Barred Rock and Rhode Island Red). Were used 26 matrices (23 females and 3 males) for each factor that led to 62 eggs each, totaling 248 eggs, each egg being a repeat. The eggs were weighed before and after the incubation period to determine weight loss and performing comparative analysis between the egg weight and the weight of chick. During the incubation period was evaluated the reproductive performance of the matrices, and after birth, 8 chicks each factor were killed for analysis of carcass thereof. No significant differences (P> 0.05) were found between reproductive performance and the relationship between chick weight and egg weight. The yolk sac and liver weights were affected (P 0.05) by treatment with a Plymouth Rock Barred strain showed the best results.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos reprodutivos em aves de duas linhagens semipesadas e avaliar seus efeitos sobre os processos de incubação artificial dos ovos e do rendimento de carcaça dos pintainhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) com os fatores: métodos reprodutivos (inseminação artificial e monta natural) e duas linhagens semipesadas (Plymouth Rock Barrada e Rhode Island Red). Foram utilizadas 26 matrizes (23 fêmeas e 3 machos) para cada fator que originaram 62 ovos cada, totalizando 248 ovos, sendo cada ovo uma repetição. Os ovos foram pesados antes e após o período de incubação para determinação da perda de peso e realização de análise comparativa entre o peso do ovo e o peso do pinto. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, e após o nascimento, foram abatidos 8 pintos de cada fator para análise do rendimento de carcaça dos mesmos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre o desempenho reprodutivo e a relação entre o peso do pinto e o peso do ovo. O peso do saco vitelino e peso do fígado foram afetados