BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of peanut and tree nut allergy.

Peanut nut and tree nut allergy are characterised by IgE mediated reactions to nut proteins. Nut allergy is a global disease. Limited epidemiological data suggest varying prevalence in different geographical areas. Primary nut allergy affects over 2% of children and 0.5% of adults in the UK. Infants with severe eczema and/or egg allergy have a higher risk of peanut allergy. Primary nut allergy presents most commonly in the first five years of life, often after the first known ingestion with typical rapid onset IgE-mediated symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of primary nut allergy can be made by the combination of a typical clinical presentation and evidence of nut specifc IgE shown by a positive skin prick test (SPT) or specific IgE (sIgE) test. Pollen food syndrome is a distinct disorder, usually mild, with oral/pharyngeal symptoms, in the context of hay fever or pollen sensitisation, which can be triggered by nuts. It can usually be distinguish clinically from primary nut allergy. The magnitude of a SPT or sIgE relates to the probability of clinical allergy, but does not relate to clinical severity. SPT of ≥ 8 mm or sIgE ≥ 15 KU/L to peanut is highly predictive of clinical allergy. Cut off values are not available for tree nuts. Test results must be interpreted in the context of the clinical history. Diagnostic food challenges are usually not necessary but may be used to confirm or refute a conflicting history and test result. As nut allergy is likely to be a long-lived disease, nut avoidance advice is the cornerstone of management. Patients should be provided with a comprehensive management plan including avoidance advice, patient specific emergency medication and an emergency treatment plan and training in administration of emergency medication. Regular re-training is required.

Socio-demographic factors impacting infant mortality in the Bahamas

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of various socio-demographic factors on infant mortality in The Bahamas. DESIGN AND METHODS: The 2010 Bahamas Census was used as the data source. Females who had a live birth in the past year, with accompanying demographic, social, and fertility characteristics, were examined using bivariate and logistic regression analyses (p-value <=.05). RESULTS: Overall infant mortality was 2.8% among 5,011 females. Logistic regression revealed for all females: increased parity, (OR 1.64; CI 1.36, 1.96), first child at 30 years or older (OR 1.85; CI 1.16, 2.96), 5 or more persons in household (OR .38; CI .26, .56), being married (OR 1.45; CI 1.01, 2.06), and being Bahamian (OR 2.47; CI 1.5, 4.06) were predictors of mortality. For females under 35 years, final predictors were: increased parity (OR 1.41; CI 1.14, 1.74), being married (OR 1.86; CI 1.22, 2.83), Bahamian (OR 3.58; CI 1.76, 7.31), urban residence (OR .55; CI .34, .91), 5 or more persons in household (OR .54; CI .35, .85). Females over 35 had decreased odds of infant mortality with households of 5 or more persons (OR .36; CI .19, .67) and not being the head of household (OR .46; CI .27, .76). CONCLUSIONS: Older age, smaller households, and rural residence increased risk for infant mortality. Large household size appeared to be a protective factor regardless of age. Timely access to critical care for infants in rural areas is recommended along with wider implementation of paternity leave in the work place to increase maternal support.

The socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in the Bahamas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in The Bahamas. DESIGN AND METHODS: A subpopulation of adults 21 to 60 years was analysed for socio-economic differences in obesity levels. Data from the 2001 Bahamas Living Conditions Survey, a nationwide comprehensive household survey which included anthropometric measurements, were used. Bivariate and binary logistic regression methods for complex samples were employed. FINDINGS: Overall obesity prevalence was 32% (38% female, 25% male, p = < 0.0001). An inverse relationship by education appeared to be the strongest predictor for all persons (OR = 0.78, CI 0.67, 0.90; p < 0.0001). This relationship was also evident for females (OR = 0.71, CI 0.59, 0.85; p < 0.0001) while a positive relationship existed by economic level for males (OR = 1.23, CI 1.07, 1.41; p = 0.005). There was a difference in food group expenditure for starchy vegetables only (p = 0.049). Other food group household expenditure, urban residence and female headed households showed no significant differences by obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In line with international trends, obesity rates are high in The Bahamas, and especially affect females of lower socio-economic status. Public policy that targets this group is necessary to address this health concern.

The socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in the Bahamas / Las determinantes socioeconómicas de la obesidad en los adultos de Bahamas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the socio-economic determinants of obesity in adults in The Bahamas. DESIGN AND METHODS: A subpopulation of adults 21 to 60 years was analysed for socio-economic differences in obesity levels. Data from the 2001 Bahamas Living Conditions Survey, a nationwide comprehensive household survey which included anthropometric measurements, were used. Bivariate and binary logistic regression methods for complex samples were employed. FINDINGS: Overall obesity prevalence was 32% (38% female, 25% male, p = < 0.0001). An inverse relationship by education appeared to be the strongest predictor for all persons (OR = 0.78, CI 0.67, 0.90; p < 0.0001). This relationship was also evident for females (OR = 0.71, CI 0.59, 0.85; p< 0.0001) while a positive relationship existed by economic level for males (OR = 1.23, CI 1.07, 1.41; p = 0 .005). There was a difference in food group expenditure for starchy vegetables only (p = 0.049). Other food group household expenditure, urban residence and female headed households showed no significant differences by obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In line with international trends, obesity rates are high in The Bahamas, and especially affect females of lower socio-economic status. Public policy that targets this group is necessary to address this health concern.

OBJETIVO: Establecer cuáles son las determinantes socio-económicas de la obesidad en los adultos en Bahamas. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó una subpoblación de adultos de 21 a 60 años en busca de las diferencias socio-económicas según los niveles de obesidad. Se usaron los datos de la Encuesta 2001 sobre las condiciones de vida en Bahamas - una encuesta general doméstica nacional que incluyó mediciones antropométricas. Se emplearon métodos de regresión logística bivariados y binarios para las muestras complejas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de obesidad global fue de 32% (38% hembras, 25% varones, p =< 0.0001). Una relación inversa para la educación pareció ser el predictor más fuerte para todas las personas (OR = 0.78, CI 0.67[N1], 0.90; p < 0.0001). Esta relación también se hizo evidente en las hembras (OR = 0.71, CI 0.59, 0.85; p < 0.0001) mientras que una relación positiva existió en el nivel económico para los varones (OR = 1.23, CI 1.07, 1.41; p = 0 .005). Hubo una diferencia en el gasto del grupo de alimentos en cuanto a verduras ricas en fécula solamente (p = 0.049). Otro gasto doméstico de grupo de alimentos, residencia urbana, y casas encabezadas por mujeres, no mostraron diferencias significativas en obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: En concordancia con las tendencias internacionales, las tasas de obesidad son altas en Bahamas, y afectan sobre todo a las mujeres de más bajo estatus socio-económico. Se necesitan políticas públicas dirigidas a este grupo, a fin de abordar este problema de salud.

Effects on condom use of an HIV prevention programme 36 months postintervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial among Bahamian youth.

Data are lacking on long-term effects of HIV behavioural intervention programmes. In this study, we report intervention effects 36 months postintervention on condom use and relevant outcome variables from the theory-based programme 'Focus on Youth in the Caribbean' (FOYC). Participants (1360 sixth-grade youth) were randomized by school into: (1) FOYC, plus one of two brief parent interventions or (2) the control condition 'Wondrous Wetlands', plus a brief parent intervention. Mixed effect analysis demonstrated significant programme effects, including enhanced HIV/AIDS knowledge (effect size D = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43, 0.46), increased self-efficacy of (D = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.54), skills for (D = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.64) and intention to use a condom (D = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.37). Youth who received FOYC plus the parental monitoring intervention had higher condom use rates (odds ratio = 1.49, 95% CI: 0.97, 2.28). Feedback effects from key variables were also detected, supporting the sustained effect.

British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology guidelines for the management of egg allergy.

This guideline advises on the management of patients with egg allergy. Most commonly, egg allergy presents in infancy, with a prevalence of approximately 2% in children and 0.1% in adults. A clear clinical history and the detection of egg white-specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay) will confirm the diagnosis in most cases. Egg avoidance advice is the cornerstone of management. Egg allergy often resolves and re-introduction can be achieved at home if reactions have been mild and there is no asthma. Patients with a history of severe reactions or asthma should have reintroduction guided by a specialist. All children with egg allergy should receive measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Influenza and yellow fever vaccines should only be considered in egg-allergic patients under the guidance of an allergy specialist. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for allergists and others with a special interest in allergy. The recommendations are evidence-based but where evidence was lacking consensus was reached by the panel of specialists on the committee. The document encompasses epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and co-morbid associations.

Condom-use skills checklist: a proxy for assessing condom-use knowledge and skills when direct observation is not possible.

Because of the continued importance of correct condom-use in controlling the HIV epidemic and the limited availability of tools for assessing correct condom-use, methods for assessing condom-application skills, especially when direct observation is not feasible, are needed. Accordingly, in the context of a high-risk population (The Bahamas) for HIV, a 17-item scale--the Condom-use Skills Checklist (CUSC)--was developed for use among young adolescents and adults. The rationale and approach to developing the scale and some measures of internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity have been described. It is concluded that the scale offers a reasonable alternative to direct observation among older subjects and that further development may make it more useful among pre-adolescents.

Ecthyma gangrenosum: an important feature of pseudomonal sepsis in a previously well child.

Ecthyma gangrenosum is a rare, distinctive skin disorder associated with potentially fatal underlying pseudomonal sepsis. Although typically occurring in neutropenic or immunocompromised patients, it can occasionally affect healthy children. The appearances are characteristic with small indurated vesicular papules progressing rapidly to infarcted necrotic areas with surrounding erythema and a typical black eschar. In young children, these are often accompanied by fever and diarrhoea. The absence of suppuration and slough distinguishes it from the more recognized pyoderma gangrenosum. Lesions can occur at any site although are most commonly found over the buttocks, limbs, axillae and perineum. We describe the case of a 28-month-old, previously well child who presented with typical features of ecthyma gangrenosum secondary to Pseudomonas infection who responded to appropriate antibiotic treatment. Despite a thorough search, no underlying cause was found. Early recognition and prompt treatment with antipseudomonal antibiotics is vital to reduce morbidity and potential mortality.

Epidemiological profile of cancer for Grand Bahama residents: 1988-2002.

This retrospective and observational study is based on a review of data from the pathology ledgers and clinical records of the Rand Memorial Hospital, of diagnoses and deaths from cancer from 1988 to 2002 (15 years). The aim was to determine the cancer incidence, mortality, survival rates and the trends for the island of Grand Bahama, Bahamas. The records indicated at least 545 (males: 187; females: 358) new cancer diagnoses giving an approximate age-standardized annual incidence rate of 167.7 per 100,000. The most frequent cancers were, in males (except for skin keratinocytic cancers) prostate 21.9%, colon/rectum 12.8% and lung 6.4%; and in females: breast 45.3%, cervix uteri 16.8% and colon/rectum 6.4%. Of these cancers, 443 (81.3%) were diagnosed in the pathology department of the hospital with the median age at diagnosis of all persons being 52 years. This comprised 119 males and 324 females. Whereas the majority of breast and cervical cancers were histologically diagnosed locally, those of prostate and lung were not. During the period, 359 (males: 181; females: 178) persons had died from cancer; an annual age-standardized mortality rate of 114.8 per 100,000, with breast 19.2%, prostate 14.5% and colon/rectum 9.5% being the most frequent. The overall median period of survival was one year (range 0-14 years). The median survival for persons with cervix uteri was five years; for breast cancer, three years; colorectal cancer, 2 years; prostate, one year; and less than a year for lung cancer. The data on cancer were not easily obtained and this may be improved if a cancer registry is established on this second most populated island of The Bahamas.

At greatest risk: pre- and early adolescent Bahamian youth experiencing anal intercourse.

Although anal intercourse carries great risk for HIV transmission, little research has focused on it among the general population, particularly pre- and early adolescents. This study describes the prevalence of anal and vaginal intercourse among Bahamian pre- and early adolescents and associations with other risk behaviours, family interactions and intrapersonal correlates. Data were from 1274 sixth-grade students aged 9-14 years who completed self-administered questionnaires at baseline of a larger school-based behavioural intervention study. Youth who reported having had anal intercourse engaged in significantly higher rates of several risk behaviours and were significantly more likely to engage in risk behaviours over the next six months, compared with youth with a history of vaginal intercourse only, who in turn were more likely than virgin adolescents. Youth indulging in anal intercourse also perceived significantly lower levels of parental monitoring. Multivariate analyses revealed that anal intercourse, vaginal intercourse, reduced parental monitoring, depression and perceived friend high-risk involvement were associated with both past involvement and future intention to engage in other risk behaviours. Anal intercourse poses a direct threat to the health of these children and is a flag for a constellation of other risks.

Epidemiological profile of cancer for Grand Bahama residents: 1988-2002 / Perfil epidemiológico del cáncer en los residentes de gran bahama: 1988 ­ 2002

This retrospective and observational study is based on a review of data from the pathology ledgers and clinical records of the Rand Memorial Hospital, of diagnoses and deaths from cancer from 1988 to 2002 (15 years). The aim was to determine the cancer incidence, mortality, survival rates and the trends for the island of Grand Bahama, Bahamas. The records indicated at least 545 (males: 187; females: 358) new cancer diagnoses giving an approximate age-standardized annual incidence rate of 167.7 per 100,000. The most frequent cancers were, in males (except for skin keratinocytic cancers) prostate 21.9, colon/rectum 12.8and lung 6.4; and in females: breast 45.3, cervix uteri 16.8and colon/rectum 6.4. Of these cancers, 443 (81.3) were diagnosed in the pathology department of the hospital with the median age at diagnosis of all persons being 52 years. This comprised 119 males and 324 females. Whereas the majority of breast and cervical cancers were histologically diagnosed locally, those of prostate and lung were not. During the period, 359 (males: 181; females: 178) persons had died from cancer; an annual age-standardized mortality rate of 114.8 per 100,000, with breast 19.2, prostate 14.5and colon/rectum 9.5being the most frequent. The overall median period of survival was one year (range 0-14 years). The median survival for persons with cervix uteri was five years; for breast cancer, three years; colorectal cancer, 2 years; prostate, one year; and less than a year for lung cancer. The data on cancer were not easily obtained and this may be improved if a cancer registry is established on this second most populated island of The Bahamas.

Este estudio retrospectivo y de observación se basa en una revisión de datos de los libros de registros de patologías y las historias clínicas del Hospital Rand Memorial, en relación con el diagnóstico y las muertes de cáncer desde 1988 hasta el 2002 (15 años). El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de cáncer, la mortalidad, las tasas de supervivencia y las tendencias, con respecto a la isla de Gran Bahamas, Bahamas. Los registros indicaron al menos 545 (varones: 187; hembras: 358) diagnósticos nuevos de cáncer, para una tasa de incidencia anual estandarizada por edad, de aproximadamente 1677 por 100000. Los tipos más frecuentes de cáncer fueron los siguientes. En los hombres (con excepción de los cánceres queratinocíticos de la piel): próstata, 21.9%; colon/recto 12.8%; y pulmón, 6.4%. En las mujeres: mamas, 45.3%, cervical uterino, 16.8%; y colon/recto 6.4%. De estos tipos de cáncer, el 81.3%, es decir, 443 (varones: 119; hembras: 324), fueron diagnosticados en el departamento de patología del hospital, con una edad mediana de 52 años en relación con todos los pacientes en el momento del diagnóstico. Mientras que la mayoría de los cánceres de cervical y de mamas se diagnosticaron histológicamente de forma local, los de próstata y pulmón no se diagnosticaron de ese modo. Durante ese período, un total de 359 personas (181 varones; 178 hembras) habían muerto de cáncer, para una tasa anual de mortalidad estandarizada por edad, de 114.8 por 100 000, siendo los cánceres de mama (19.2%), próstata (14.5%), y el colorrectal (9.5%) los más frecuentes. La mediana general del período de supervivencia fue de un año (rango 0 ­ 14). Después del diagnóstico, las personas continuaron viviendo con cáncer una mediana de cinco años en el caso del cáncer cervical

Home-made spacers for bronchodilator therapy in children with acute asthma: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer is the best way to deliver bronchodilator therapy for treatment of acute asthma. In developing countries, commercially produced spacers are generally unavailable or too costly. We tested the efficacy of home-made spacers (500 mL plastic bottle, polystyrene cup) compared with a conventional spacer for delivery of a beta2 agonist via MDI for children with acute asthma. METHODS: We studied children aged 5 to 13 years with acute asthma, stratified into those with mild airways obstruction (peak expiratory flow [PEF] 60-79% of predicted value) or moderate to severe airways obstruction (PEF 20-59% of predicted value). A beta2 agonist (fenoterol hydrobromide) was given via MDI and one of four randomly assigned spacers (conventional spacer, sealed 500 mL plastic bottle, unsealed 500 mL bottle, 200 mL polystyrene cup). Clinical score, pulmonary function tests, and oximetry were recorded at baseline and 15 min after treatment. If a second bronchodilator treatment was needed, nebulised fenoterol was given and the assessment repeated 15 min later. Primary outcome measures were changes in clinical score and pulmonary function, and need for and response to nebulisation. FINDINGS: 88 children were eligible for study. In 44 children with moderate to severe airways obstruction, a cup gave significantly less bronchodilation (median increase in: forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] 0%; PEF 12%) compared with the conventional spacer (37%; 59%), sealed bottle (33%; 36%), or unsealed bottle (18%; 21%, p<0.05 for difference between groups). Nebulisation was required by ten of 11 who had used a cup, nine of 11 who had used an unsealed bottle, eight of 11 who had used a sealed bottle, and only four of 11 who had used a conventional spacer. After nebulisation, improvement in FEV1 (15.5%) and PEF (26%) was more marked in children who had used a cup than in those who had used a conventional spacer (5.5% FEV1; 4% PEF), sealed bottle (3%; 0%), or unsealed bottle (7%; 9%). For 44 children with mild airways obstruction, response to bronchodilator was similar for all spacers and need for nebulisation was not associated with use of a particular spacer. INTERPRETATION: A conventional spacer and sealed 500 mL plastic bottle produced similar bronchodilation, an unsealed bottle gave intermediate improvement in lung function, and a polystyrene cup was least effective as a spacer for children with moderate to severe airways obstruction. Use of bottle spacers should be incorporated into guidelines for asthma management in developing countries.