Intrinsic Motivation and Institutional Limitations: Key Implementation Determinants of Psychological First Aid Training.

Psychological first aid (PFA) trainings are conducted to train frontline care workers in practical and emotional support to people who have been recently affected by stressful events. The aim of this study was to describe the determinants of the implementation behavior of a PFA training strategy in Chile and to provide theoretical information on the factors that influence trainers' self-efficacy. For this purpose, the Determinants of Implementation Behavior Questionnaire, administered online to a sample of 117 PFA trainers throughout Chile, was used. The results indicate that the main facilitators for implementation originate in the intrinsic motivation of the trainers, while the barriers are mainly found in the limited institutional opportunities offered by the context. Evidence was also found on the effect of motivation and context on trainer self-efficacy. PFA trainers may need to invest a lot of psychological resources to overcome the barriers encountered during implementation.

Sarcopenia in people living with HIV. A review.

The aim of this review is to know the current status of sarcopenia in people living with acquired immunodeficiency virus, as well as predictors, prevalence, and associated factors. Searches were done in PubMed, Scielo, and ScienceDirect databases (January 2010 to August 2021), using predefined search terms. Prevalence, intervention, and meta-analysis studies investigating sarcopenia or muscle mass and function in people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) were selected. We identified reports of high prevalence and increased risk for sarcopenia due to factors such as prolonged exposure to antiretroviral drugs, lack of physical activity, central obesity, drug use, and other sociodemographic factors, as well as disease duration. HIV should be considered a risk factor for sarcopenia, and evaluation of sarcopenia should be included as part of the comprehensive medical care of PLHIV. Forceful actions are required to prevent muscle weakness, especially in stages before old age with actions aimed at preserving strength and function.

The best partner. School effect assessment of different interorganizational collaboration using Propensity Matching Score / El mejor colaborador. Evaluación del efecto escolar de diferentes colaboraciones interorganizacionales utilizando Propensity Matching Score

Abstract The Chilean Skill for Life (CSFL) is a school mental health program implemented by local agencies from the Education, Health, and Social Services public sectors. It represents an excellent opportunity to study inter-organizational collaboration and its advantages to public and state-subsidized schools. The propensity score matching technique was used to compare school performance in second grade (the most intensive treatment level) between schools participating in the program and those not participating and between schools with different types of sectoral collaboration to identify the best partner for the school. To select all Chilean schools' participant in CSFL and the comparative group of schools' non-participant, a sequential sampling was applied. The measures were obtained from government public data, considering annual school performance and other educational indicators. It was found that public schools that implement the CSFL obtain better school performance than those that do not implement it (ATT = .042; p < .05), for state-subsidized schools, the same was not found. It was also observed that when educational agencies implement the program, the gain is more significant (ATT = .046; p < .05). The importance of aligning program values and goals with local agencies and schools is discussed, analyzing the possibilities for better collaboration in school mental health.

Resumen Habilidades para la Vida (HPV) es un programa chileno de salud mental escolar multinivel que llega a millones de estudiantes en miles de territorios del país, y es considerado uno de los programas de salud mental escolar más grandes del mundo. Es implementado en el país por agencias locales de los sectores públicos de educación, salud y servicios sociales, lo que representa una excelente oportunidad para estudiar la colaboración interorganizacional y sus ventajas para las escuelas públicas y subvencionadas por el Estado. Este constructo ha recibido gran atención en los últimos años en el campo de la salud mental escolar, dado que destaca la importancia de generar procesos que permitan compartir una identidad colectiva, una agenda coordinada, tener una comunicación efectiva y una colaboración mutua entre los diversos dispositivos que buscan contribuir al logro de las metas de salud mental y a los objetivos educativos de las escuelas. A pesar de los grandes beneficios que traería la colaboración interorganizacional en la ejecución de programas de salud mental escolar, los estudios al respecto son más bien escasos y centrados en intervenciones que vinculan tan solo un tipo de agencia ejecutora con las escuelas. Por este motivo, el presente estudio pretende analizar el impacto de la colaboración interorganizacional en el rendimiento académico de aquellos estudiantes que reciben el programa HPV, teniendo dos hipótesis a la base: (1) que aquellos estudiantes que forman parte de las escuelas en las que se entrega el programa tendrán un mejor rendimiento académico que aquellos que no reciben la intervención; y (2) que el sector educación será el mejor partner o colaborador, puesto que comparte las metas educativas con la escuela, lo que impactaría en el rendimiento académico de aquellos estudiantes que reciben el programa. Para medir esto, se utilizó la técnica Propensity Matching Score, la cual sirvió para comparar el rendimiento escolar de los estudiantes en segundo grado (el nivel de tratamiento más intensivo) entre las escuelas participantes y no participantes del programa, y entre las escuelas con diferentes tipos de colaboración sectorial. Para seleccionar a los participantes de las escuelas chilenas en HPV y del grupo comparativo se aplicó un muestreo secuencial. Las medidas se obtuvieron de datos públicos del gobierno de Chile, y se consideró el rendimiento escolar anual, la vulnerabilidad social de las escuelas y otros indicadores educativos. Se encontró que las escuelas públicas que implementan el HPV obtienen un mejor rendimiento escolar que las que no lo implementan (ATT = .042; p < .05), resultados que no se repitieron en aquellas escuelas subsidiadas por el Estado. También se observó que cuando las agencias educativas implementan el programa, el aumento del rendimiento académico es mayor (ATT = .046; p < .05) respecto que aquellas que lo implementan mediante agencias locales de salud o de servicios sociales. Se discute la importancia de alinear los valores y las metas del programa con las agencias locales y las escuelas, analizando las posibilidades de una mejor colaboración en la salud mental escolar. Esto implica también considerar las metas educativas de cada centro en el cual se implementan estas intervenciones, ya que es posible encontrarse en ocasiones con modelos educacionales restrictivos y tradicionales, centrados por sobre todo en lo cognitivo. Por este motivo, experimentan dificultades al alinearse con programas de habilidades socioemocionales, lo que termina obstaculizando las posibilidades de colaboración interorganizacional con agencias interventoras de dispositivos orientados a esto. En este marco, se exponen una serie de consideraciones clave vinculadas a la importancia de preparar las condiciones y los recursos para el trabajo interorganizacional entre escuelas y entidades ejecutoras de programas de salud mental escolar.

A Power-Efficient Sensing Approach for Pulse Wave Palpation-Based Heart Rate Measurement.

Heart rate (HR) is an essential indicator of health in the human body. It measures the number of times per minute that the heart contracts or beats. An irregular heartbeat can signify a severe health condition, so monitoring heart rate periodically can help prevent heart complications. This paper presents a novel wearable sensing approach for remote HR measurement by a compact resistance-to-microcontroller interface circuit. A heartbeat's signal can be detected by a Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) attached to the body near large arteries (such as the carotid or radial), which expand their area each time the heart expels blood to the body. Depending on how the sensor interfaces with the subject, the FSR changes its electrical resistance every time a pulse is detected. By placing the FSR in a direct interface circuit, those resistance variations can be measured directly by a microcontroller without using either analog processing stages or an analog-to-digital converter. In this kind of interface, the self-heating of the sensor is avoided, since the FSR does not require any voltage or bias current. The proposed system has a sampling rate of 50 Sa/s, and an effective resolution of 10 bits (200 mΩ), enough for obtaining well-shaped cardiac signals and heart rate estimations in real time by the microcontroller. With this approach, the implementation of wearable systems in health monitoring applications is more feasible.

Evaluación de un programa de educación ambiental desde la voz del alumnado / Evaluation of an environmental education program through the voices of students / Avaliação de um programa de educação ambiental desde a voz dos alunos

Resumen (analítico) Los niños, niñas y adolescentes no participan activamente de los sistemas, proyectos y políticas ambientales que se implementan, lo que supone una vulneración de derechos y un erreur fatale para la retroalimentación de estas intervenciones. La presente investigación describe los resultados de una evaluación cualitativa realizada a un programa de educación ambiental local, mediante asambleas infantiles en las que participaron 150 escolares de entre 6 y 14 años. Estos y estas fueron capaces de detectar ciertas dificultades y activos del programa, algunos vacíos y buenas prácticas presentes en la escuela, así como también mencionaron una serie de problemáticas socio-ambientales tanto locales como globales. Se concluye que estas personas son totalmente válidas para participar en la evaluación de programas sociales; así mismo, la necesidad de incluir sus opiniones en la mejora de los proyectos ambientales.

Abstract (analytical) Children and adolescents do not actively participate in environmental systems, projects and policies that are implemented, which implies a violation of their rights and a fatal mistake in the evaluations of these interventions. This research describes the results of a qualitative assessment of a local environmental education program through Children's Assemblies that involved the participation of 150 students between 6 and 14 years of age. These children were able to identify certain difficulties with the components of the program, gaps and best practices in their schools and a series of local and global socio-environmental problems. The authors conclude that these children are fully valid participants in the evaluation of social programs while identifying the need to include their opinions in the improvement of environmental projects.

Resumo (analítico): Este estudo examina o conhecimento sobre as propriedades formais e a função referencial de desenho, escrita e numerais que mães, filhos e filhas (2 anos e meio e 4 anos) apresentados em tarefa de produção conjunta. O método comparativo constante foi utilizado para a construção do sistema de codificação; se analisou mediante provas não paramétricas. As duplas do grupo de 2 anos e meio conversaram sobre a função referencial dos três sistemas, especialmente do desenho. No grupo de 4 anos aumentaram o interesse pela escrita, a consideração das propriedades formais da escrita e dos numerais e as produções independentes de desenho e escrita. O estudo mostrou a produção gráfica conjunta como uma interação educacional na família que estimula a apropriação precoce de sistemas de representação externa.

Las violencias desde el espectador de fútbol: habitus del aficionado, el hincha y el barrista / Violence from the point of view of the spectator: habitus of the amateur, the fan and the supporter

El fútbol espectáculo sigue teniendo entre sus desafíos las violencias tanto en los estadios como fuera de ellos. Este deporte tiene distintos tipos de espectadores aquí nombrados como aficionado, hincha y barrista, yendo desde la aproximación netamente estética hacia el fútbol, pasando por la preferencia de un equipo hasta la participación en grupos de apoyo. En este trabajo, desde el concepto de habitus de Pierre Bourdieu, se pudo identificar, a partir de un análisis del discurso, un habitus aficionado, un habitus hincha y un habitus barrista, todos relacionados de distinta manera con las violencias dentro del campo del fútbol espectáculo. Se concluye que el habitus violento no es una condición individual sino una disposición construida con base en la interacción y producida por la valoración contextual de dichos actos

The soccer as show still has among its challenges the violences both in the stadiums and out-side them. This sport has different types of spectators here named as amateur, fans and sup-porters, ranging from the purely aesthetic approach to soccer, through the preference of a team to participation in support groups. In this work, from Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, it was possible to identify, from an analysis of the discourse, an amateur habitus, a fan habitus and a supporter habitus, all related in different ways to the violence within the field of show soccer. It is concluded that the violent habitus is not an individual condition but a disposition built on interaction and produced by the contextual evaluation of these acts

Association of Irisin Serum Concentration and Muscle Strength in Normal-Weight and Overweight Young Women.

Background: Irisin is a muscle-contraction-induced myokine. In previous studies, it has been related to exercise type, fitness and physical activity; however, evidence is not consistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to research the association between health-related fitness and irisin in young women. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional one. Young, healthy, nonsmoking women were enlisted. The sample comprised 40 overweight (OW) and 40 normal-weight (NW) individuals. The average age was 18.63 ± 0.63 and 18.78 ± 0.73 years, respectively. Components of health-related fitness, metabolic parameters, serum irisin and body composition were analyzed. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in physical tests between NW and OW groups for one-leg standing, hand grip strength, vertical jump, modified push-up, fitness index and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX). There were no differences in concentrations of serum irisin between the groups. We found a positive correlation between irisin and hand grip strength (r = 0.374, p = 0.023). In a multivariate analysis adjusted by body fat, a significant association between irisin and hand grip strength was observed in OW group (ß = 0.380, p = 0.026); as well, a positive association between irisin and one-leg standing test in NW group (ß = 0.311, p = 0.044) was found. Conclusions: According to our findings, hand grip strength could be linked to irisin concentration in overweight young women.

[Effect of exercise on the serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in adolescents with risk factors of developing diabetes]. / Efecto del ejercicio en la concentración sérica de leptina y adiponectina en adolescentes con factores de riesgo de DM.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasing health issue. Physical activity (PA) in early stages is a preventive measure in the development of degenerative diseases. It has been documented the association between exercise and leptin and adiponectin concentrations. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a physical activity program (PAP) on serum leptin and adiponectin in teenagers with risk factors for developing T2DM. METHODS: Experimental-longitudinal study. Teenagers (men and women), with T2DM risk factors, aged 14 to 16 years, participated in a PAP for three months, five days a week, 45 minutes each day. Before and after the program, all anthropometric variables, incluiding leptin and adiponectin, were evaluated. RESULTS: 22 adolescents participated in the PAP and they were compared with 22 adolescents from the control group (who did not participate in the PAP). There was a reduction in the serum concentration of leptin in the intervention group (baseline 23 ± 13; after the PAP 14 ± 8, p > 0.0001), compared with the control group (baseline 18 ± 13, three months follow-up 20 ± 14, p < 0.520). Also, the adiponectin concentration increased (baseline 10 ± 3, after the PAP 13 ± 4.0, p > 0.014), compared with the control group (baseline 11 ± 3, 13 ± 4.0 after the PAP p > 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: This study support the efficacy of an aerobic exercise intervention on metabolic markers of adolescents with risk factors for developing diabetes.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es un problema de salud cada vez más preocupante. El ejercicio en etapas tempranas es una medida preventiva en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. Se ha postulado la asociación entre el ejercicio con las concentraciones de leptina y adiponectina. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de actividad física (AF) sobre la concentración sérica de leptina y adiponectina en adolescentes con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de DM2. Métodos: estudio de tipo experimental-longitudinal. Participaron en un programa de AF durante tres meses adolescentes de 14 a 16 años, con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de diabetes, cinco días a la semana, durante 45 minutos. Antes y después del programa, se evaluó la respuesta de leptina y adiponectina. RESULTADOS: participaron 22 adolescentes en el programa y se compararon con 22 adolescentes del grupo control. Las cifras de leptina disminuyeron en el grupo de intervención: basal 23 ± 13, después del programa 14 ± 8, p < 0.001; grupo control: basal 18 ± 13, seguimiento a tres meses 20 ± 14, p < 0.520. Asimismo, incrementaron las cifras de adiponectina: basal 10 ± 3, después del programa 13 ± 4.0, p < 0.014; grupo control: basal 11 ± 3, post ejercicio 13 ± 4.0, p < 0.032. CONCLUSIONES: nuestros resultados apoyan la eficacia de una intervención con ejercicio aeróbico sobre las características en un grupo minoritario de adolescentes con factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes.

Influenza A (H1N1) was not associated with obesity in pregnant women living in Toluca, México / La Influenza A (H1N1) no se asoció con la obesidad en mujeres embarazadas en Toluca, México

Objective The aim was to verify whether being overweight could have played a critical role in cases of mortality caused byinfluenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women. This virus' prevalence was also analyzed among people suffering from acute respiratory disease being attended at the state of Mexico's Autonomous University's medical research centre. Methods The clinical files of women having influenza A (H1N1) attending the Monica Pretelini maternal-perinatal hospital's (HMPMP) intensive care unit in Toluca, Mexico, were reviewed. According to international recommendations, clinical detection of possible new cases of this disease was kept an open as a second step. Results Five women suffering influenza A (H1N1) was attended at HMPMP's intensive care unit during 2009; only one survived. No differences in body mass index were found when comparing the anthropometric characteristics to another group of women affected by acute respiratory diseases; in fact, this parameter was below the limits for being overweight in both cases. No new case of influenza A (H1N1) was found after the first eight months of 2010. Discussion It could not be verified whether being overweight was a factor of higher mortality due to influenza A (H1N1) amongst pregnant women in the state of Mexico. The key to better survival for pregnant women hospitalized with influenza A (H1N1) seemed to be early treatment with oseltamivir. The cases decreased dramatically after the severe wave of the new pandemic due to unknown reasons.

Objetivo Nuestro objetivo fue verificar si en los casos de mortalidad por influenza A (H1N1) en mujeres embarazadas, el sobrepeso tuvo un papel fundamental. También hemos analizado la prevalencia de este virus entre personas con enfermedad respiratoria aguda atendidas en el Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Métodos Se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de las mujeres con influenza A (H1N1) atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Obstétricos del Hospital Materno Perinatal, Toluca, México. De acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales, como segunda etapa se mantuvo un programa de detección de este virus en la población general. Resultados Hubo cinco embarazadas con influenza A (H1N1), durante el año 2009, de las cuales sólo una sobrevivió. Al comparar las características antropométricas con otro grupo de mujeres afectadas por enfermedades respiratorias agudas no encontramos diferencias en el índice de masa corporal. De hecho, en ambos casos, este parámetro fue inferior a los límites de sobrepeso. Después de los primeros ocho meses del año 2010 no se encontraron nuevos casos de influenza A (H1N1). Discusión No hemos podido verificar que el sobrepeso sea un factor de mayor mortalidad en casos de infección por influenza A (H1N1) entre las mujeres embarazadas del Estado de México. La clave para una mejor supervivencia en mujeres embarazadas hospitalizadas con influenza A (H1N1) parece ser el tratamiento precoz con Oseltamivir. Por razones desconocidas después de la ola severa de la nueva pandemia los casos disminuyeron.

Producción científica latinoamericana de fisioterapia / kinesiología / Latin American Scientific Output in Physical Therapy/Kinesiology / Produção científica latino-americana de fisioterapia e cinesiologia

Objetivo: caracterizar la producción latinoamericana de literatura científica sobre fisioterapia / kinesiología entre los años 2000 y 2007. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a 1700 artículos en el área de fisioterapia / kinesiología publicados en las bases de datos de Scielo y Lillacs. Las variables estudiadas fueron: frecuencia documental, número de documentos encontrados, producción científica por país, producción científica por cada descriptor sobre fisioterapia / kinesiología, número de autores, filiación institucional, tipo de publicación, idioma, tipo de estudio y número de referencias bibliográficas. Resultados: la tendencia de producción científica por país refleja que Brasil lidera con el 70,1 % la producción científica de la fisioterapia / kinesiología en Latinoamérica, seguido de Chile con el 13,4 %, Colombia y Venezuela con el 6 %, Argentina con el 3,4 %, y con menos del 1 % de representatividad en producción se encuentran Cuba y Perú. Conclusiones: a pesar de que los estudios bibliométricos en una sola área del conocimiento no resuelven las necesidades de medida de la actividad científica, dan claridad y orientan el trabajo investigativo. Conocer las investigaciones de la fisioterapia / kinesiología en la región permitirá a los académicos generar una política de investigación latinoamericana que redunde en el beneficio de la profesión, de las comunidades y del contexto.

Objective: Characterize the output of scientific literature in Latin America between 2000 and 2007 with respect to physical therapy/ kinesiology. Method: The authors conducted a retrospective study of 1,700 articles on physical therapy/kinesiology published in the SciELO and LILLACS databases. The variables studied were: document frequency, number of documents found, scientific output per country, scientific output for each describer with respect to physical therapy/kinesiology, number of authors, institutional affiliation, type of publication, language, type of study, and number of works listed in the bibliography. Results: The trend in scientific output per country shows Brazil leads in Latin America, with 70.1 % of the scientific output on physical therapy/kinesiology, followed by Chile with 13.4 %, Colombia and Venezuela with 6 %, Argentina with 3.4 %, and Cuba and Peru with less than 1 % of the output. Conclusions: Although bibliometric studies in only one field of knowledge do not resolve the need to measure scientific activity, they provide clarity and guide research work. Knowing what studies on physical therapy/kinesiology have been done in the region will enable academics to generate a Latin American research policy that is of benefit to the profession, the community and the context.

Objetivo: caracterizar a produção latino-americana da literatura científica sobre fisioterapia e cinesiologia entre 2000 e 2007. Método: realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de 1700 artigos na área de fisioterapia/cinesiologia publicado em Scielo e Lillacs. As variáveis estudadas foram freqüência documental, número de documentos encontrados, produção científica por país, produção científica por cada descritor sobre fisioterapia/cinesiologia, número de autores, filiação institucional, tipo de publicação, idioma, tipo de estudo, número de referências. Resultados: a tendência da produção científica por país mostra que o Brasil lidera (70,1 %) a produção científica de fisioterapia/cinesiologia na América Latina, seguido pelo Chile (13,4 %), Colômbia e Venezuela (6 %), Argentina (3,4 %). Cuba e Peru apresentam 1 % da produção. Conclusões: embora os estudos bibliométricos em uma área do conhecimento não satisfaz as necessidades de medição da atividade científica, dão clareza e orientam o trabalho de pesquisa. Conhecer as investigações da fisioterapia/cinesiologia na região permitirá aos estudiosos gerar uma política de pesquisa na América Latina que beneficie à profissão, as comunidades e ao contexto.

Influenza A (H1N1) was not associated with obesity in pregnant women living in Toluca, México.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to verify whether being overweight could have played a critical role in cases of mortality caused by influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women. This virus' prevalence was also analyzed among people suffering from acute respiratory disease being attended at the state of Mexico's Autonomous University's medical research centre. METHODS: The clinical files of women having influenza A (H1N1) attending the Monica Pretelini maternal-perinatal hospital's (HMPMP) intensive care unit in Toluca, Mexico, were reviewed. According to international recommendations, clinical detection of possible new cases of this disease was kept an open as a second step. RESULTS: Five women suffering influenza A (H1N1) was attended at HMPMP's intensive care unit during 2009; only one survived. No differences in body mass index were found when comparing the anthropometric characteristics to another group of women affected by acute respiratory diseases; in fact, this parameter was below the limits for being overweight in both cases. No new case of influenza A (H1N1) was found after the first eight months of 2010. DISCUSSION: It could not be verified whether being overweight was a factor of higher mortality due to influenza A (H1N1) amongst pregnant women in the state of Mexico. The key to better survival for pregnant women hospitalized with influenza A (H1N1) seemed to be early treatment with oseltamivir. The cases decreased dramatically after the severe wave of the new pandemic due to unknown reasons.