Concurrent-Validity and Reliability of Photocells in Sport: A Systematic Review.

Specific physical qualities such as sprint running, change-of-direction or jump height are determinants of sports performance. Photocell systems are practical and easy to use systems to assess the time from point A to point B. In addition, these photoelectric systems are also used to obtain the time of vertically displaced movements. Knowing the accuracy and precision of photocell timing can be a determinant of ensuring a higher quality interpretation of results and of selecting the most appropriate devices for specific objectives. This systematic review aimed to identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity and reliability of photocells in sport sciences. A systematic review of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 164 studies initially identified, 16 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Photocells appear to have a strong agreement with force plates (gold standard), but are not interchangeable to measure the vertical jump. For monitoring horizontal displacement, double beam systems, compared to single beam systems, are more valid and reliable when it comes to avoiding false triggers caused by swinging arms or legs.

Dolor lumbar crónico y la conducta sedentaria en estudiantes universitarios de medicina / Chronic Low Back Pain and Sedentary Behavior in Medical College Students / Dor lombar crônica e comportamento sedentário em estudantes universitários de medicina

Introducción: el dolor lumbar (dl) es una condición frecuente en los estudiantes de medicina y a partir de ahí se identifican diversos factores de riesgo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la presencia de dlen los últimos 12 meses y la conducta sedentaria en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico, prospectivo observacional, en el que participaron 167 encuestados. La conducta sedentaria se evaluó junto con la actividad física, a través del Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física; mientras que el dlse midió con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka de Trastornos Musculoesqueléticos. Además, se valoraron variables demográficas y académicas como sexo, edad y ciclo universitario de los participantes. Resultados: se encontró una frecuencia de dldel 67.7 % y una media de conducta sedentaria de 9.5 horas (dt = 3.04). En el análisis mul-tivariado se halló que para cada hora sentado se aumenta significativamente la probabilidad de padecer dl (or = 1.17; p = 0.013). Los estudiantes que permanecen de 10 a más horas sentados/recostados presentan un aumento de riesgo de padecer dl(ora = 4.13; p = 0.001) frente a los que permanecen menos de 10 horas en estas posiciones. Conclusión: por cada hora en posición sedente/recostado, aumenta en 15 % el odds ratio de sufrir dlen los estudiantes, así como que acumular de 10 a más horas al día en posición sedente/recostado aumenta significativamente el padecer dl en los últimos 12 meses.

Introduction: Low back pain is a common condition among medical students, with various risk factors identified. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the presence of low back pain in the last 12 months (lbp) and sedentary behavior in medical students at a private university. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical, prospective observational study was conducted with 167 respon-dents (101 women and 66 men). The main measurements in this study included sedentary behavior and low back pain in the last 12 months. Sedentary behavior was assessed along with physical activity through the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (gpaq), while low back pain was measured using the Kuorinka Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. In addition, demographic and academic variables such as gender, age, and academic cycle of the participants were assessed. Results: A frequency of low back pain of 67.7% and an average sedentary behavior of 9.5 hours (sd = 3.04) were found, 70.1% maintain a healthy level of physical activity. Greater sedentary behavior was found to be associated with a greater presence of lbp. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that for each hour seated, the likelihood of suffering lbpsignificantly increased (or = 1.17; p = 0.013). Students who remain seated/reclined for 10 or more hours have an increased risk of suffering low back pain (aor = 4.13; p = 0.001) compared to those who spend less than 10 hours in these positions. Conclusion: It is observed that for each hour in a seated/reclined position, the odds ratio of suffering low back pain in students increases by 15%, and accumulating 10 or more hours a day in a seated/reclined position significantly increases the suffering of low back pain in the last 12 months.

Introdução: a dor lombar é uma condição comum entre os estudantes de medicina, com diversos fatores de risco identificados. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a presença de dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses (dl) e o comportamento sedentário em estudantes de medicina de uma universidade privada. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico, observacional prospectivo com 167 respondentes (101 mulheres e 66 homens). As principais medidas neste estudo incluíram o comportamento sedentário e a dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses. O comportamento sedentário foi ava-liado juntamente com a atividade física através do Questionário Mundial sobre Atividade Física (gpaq), enquanto a dor lombar foi medida usando o questionário nórdico de Kuorinka de transtornos muscu-loesqueléticos. Além disso, foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas e acadêmicas como o sexo, a idade e o ciclo acadêmico dos participantes. Resultados: foi encontrada uma frequência de dor lombar de 67,7% e uma média de comportamento sedentário de 9,5 horas (dp = 3,04), 70,1% mantêm um nível saudável de atividade física. Um maior comportamento sedentário foi encontrado associado a uma maior presença de dl. Na análise multivariada, verificou-se que para cada hora sentada, a probabilidade de sofrer dlaumenta significativamente (or = 1,17; p = 0,013). Estudantes que permanecem sentados/reclinados por 10 ou mais horas têm um risco aumentado de sofrer dor lombar (ora = 4,13; p = 0,001) em comparação com aqueles que passam menos de 10 horas nessas posições. Conclusão: observa-se que para cada hora em posição sentada/reclinada, a razão de chances de sofrer dor lombar nos estudantes aumenta em 15%, e acumular 10 ou mais horas por dia em posição sentada/reclinada aumenta significativamente o sofri-mento de dor lombar nos últimos 12 meses.

Asociación entre distancia de los bordes mediales del recto abdominal y dolor lumbar en estudiantes universitarios

Introducción: El dolor lumbar crónico en los universitarios oscila entre un 12,4 y 75 %. Se evidenció inicialmente que la alteración de la musculatura del recto abdominal puede estar asociada al dolor lumbar. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la distancia de los bordes mediales del músculo recto abdominal y la presencia de dolor lumbar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en estudiantes de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Lima. Se valoraron el dolor lumbar y la distancia entre los bordes mediales del músculo recto abdominal mediante la escala numérica de dolor, índice cintura cadera, el cuestionario nórdico y la escala de Oswestry. Se midió la distancia los bordes mediales del músculo recto abdominal con un Caliper digital. Resultados: La media y desviación estándar de la distancia de los bordes mediales del músculo recto abdominal fue 21,9 ± 3,5. Esta y la diástasis abdominal se asociaron con el dolor lumbar. Conclusiones: Se demostró que la distancia de los rectos abdominales y el dolor lumbar en los estudiantes universitarios guardan relación.

Introduction: Chronic low back pain in university students ranges between 12.4 and 75 %. It was initially evidenced that the alteration of the musculature of the rectus abdominis may be associated with low back pain. Objective: To evaluate the association between the distance from the medial edges of the rectus abdominis muscle and the presence of low back pain. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in students of a private university in the city of Lima. Low back pain and the distance between the medial edges of the rectus abdominis muscle were assessed using the numerical pain scale, the waist-hip index, the Nordic questionnaire and the Oswestry scale. The distance between the medial edges of the rectus abdominis muscle was measured with a digital Caliper. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the distance from the rectus abdominis was 21.9 ± 3.5. This and abdominal diastasis were associated with low back pain. Conclusions: The distance between the medial edges of the rectus abdominis muscle and low back pain in university students was shown to be related.

Adaptación cultural y confiabilidad del instrumento Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility al contexto peruano / Cultural adaptation and reliability of the instrument Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility to the Peruvian context

Introducción Para el diagnóstico de hiperlaxitud articular se emplea comúnmente el Test de Beighton que requiere de un profesional para la exploración física. Por su parte, el instrumento es una herramienta autoadministrada que permite identificar de forma temprana la presencia de hiperlaxitud articular. Objetivos Realizar la adaptación cultural y confiabilidad test-retest del instrumento The Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility al contexto peruano, por medio de la traducción al español, adaptación lingüística y verificación de la confiabilidad test--retest en estudiantes de 13 a 17 años y docentes/administrativos de 24 a 60 años. Métodos Se realizó una traducción-retrotraducción con dos traductores, dos retrotraductores y la adaptación lingüística con 10 expertos. Obtenida la versión adaptada del cuestionario, se aplicó un análisis de comprensibilidad a 50 sujetos. Finalmente se estimó la confiabilidad test-retest en dos grupos: en adolescentes de 13 a 17 años y en adultos de 24 a 60 años. Resultados Se obtuvo la versión traducida del cuestionario, el cual pasó por un proceso de adaptación lingüística donde 10 expertos realizaron un análisis de concordancia (Coeficiente V de Aiken = 1) y un análisis de comprensibilidad con una escala de 0 a 10 que obtuvo una media de 10 puntos. Posteriormente, esta versión fue retro traducida y cotejada con el original. En el análisis de confiabilidad, los resultados de la aplicación del test-retest encontraron una confiabilidad alta entre el puntaje total de ambas aplicaciones tanto para el grupo de 65 adultos (Kappa 0,795; intervalo de confianza al 95%: de 0,777 a 0,819) y el de 71 adolescentes (Kappa 0,946; intervalo de confianza al 95%: de 0,908 a 0,982). Conclusiones Se adaptó el instrumento traducido cuestionario corto al contexto cultural de Perú y se encontró alta confiabilidad para los grupos de estudio de 13 a 17 años y de 24 a 60 años. Se recomienda la validación concurrente para considerar su aplicación en clínica y en investigación.

Introduction For the diagnosis of joint hypermobility, the Beighton test is commonly used; this requires a professional for the physical examination. The "Five- part questionnaire on hypermobility" is a self- administered tool that allows early identification of joint hypermobility. Objective To carry out the cultural adaptation and test- retest reliability of the "Five- part questionnaire on hypermobility" to the Peruvian context through translation into spanish, linguistic adaptation, and verification of test- retest reliability in students from 13 to 17 years of age and teachers/ad-ministrators from 24 to 60 years of age. Methods A translation and back- translation were performed with two translators and two back- translators, followed by a linguistic adaptation with ten experts. Once the adapted version of the question-naire was obtained, a comprehensibility analysis was carried out with 50 subjects. Finally, test- retest reliability was estimated in two groups: adolescents aged 13 to 17 and adults aged 24 to 60. Results The translated version of the questionnaire was obtained and underwent a linguistic adaptation process in which ten experts performed a concordance analysis (Aiken's V coefficient = 1), and a comprehensibility analysis with a scale of zero to ten obtained an average of ten points. Subsequently, this version was back- translated and checked against the original. In the reliability analysis, the results of the test- retest application found high reliability between the total score of both applications for both the group of 65 adults (Kappa 0.795; 95% CI: 0.777 to 0.819) and the group of 71 adolescents (Kappa 0.946; 95% CI: 0.908 to 0.982). Conclusions The translated instrument "Five- part questionnaire (5pq) on hypermobility" was adapted to the Peruvian cultural context, and high reliability was found for the study groups 13 to 17 years and 24 to 60 years. Concurrent validation is recommended to consider its application in clinical and research settings.

Cultural adaptation and reliability of the instrument Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility to the Peruvian context. / Adaptación cultural y confiabilidad del instrumento Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility al contexto peruano.

Introduction: For the diagnosis of joint hypermobility, the Beighton test is commonly used; this requires a professional for the physical examination. The "Five- part questionnaire on hypermobility" is a self- administered tool that allows early identification of joint hypermobility. Objective: To carry out the cultural adaptation and test- retest reliability of the "Five- part questionnaire on hypermobility" to the Peruvian context through translation into spanish, linguistic adaptation, and verification of test- retest reliability in students from 13 to 17 years of age and teachers/ad-ministrators from 24 to 60 years of age. Methods: A translation and back- translation were performed with two translators and two back- translators, followed by a linguistic adaptation with ten experts. Once the adapted version of the question-naire was obtained, a comprehensibility analysis was carried out with 50 subjects. Finally, test- retest reliability was estimated in two groups: adolescents aged 13 to 17 and adults aged 24 to 60. Results: The translated version of the questionnaire was obtained and underwent a linguistic adaptation process in which ten experts performed a concordance analysis (Aiken's V coefficient = 1), and a comprehensibility analysis with a scale of zero to ten obtained an average of ten points. Subsequently, this version was back- translated and checked against the original. In the reliability analysis, the results of the test- retest application found high reliability between the total score of both applications for both the group of 65 adults (Kappa 0.795; 95% CI: 0.777 to 0.819) and the group of 71 adolescents (Kappa 0.946; 95% CI: 0.908 to 0.982). Conclusions: The translated instrument "Five- part questionnaire (5pq) on hypermobility" was adapted to the Peruvian cultural context, and high reliability was found for the study groups 13 to 17 years and 24 to 60 years. Concurrent validation is recommended to consider its application in clinical and research settings.

Introducción: Para el diagnóstico de hiperlaxitud articular se emplea comúnmente el Test de Beighton que requiere de un profesional para la exploración física. Por su parte, el instrumento es una herramienta autoadministrada que permite identificar de forma temprana la presencia de hiperlaxitud articular. Objetivos: Realizar la adaptación cultural y confiabilidad test-retest del instrumento The Five-part questionnaire on hypermobility al contexto peruano, por medio de la traducción al español, adaptación lingüística y verificación de la confiabilidad test--retest en estudiantes de 13 a 17 años y docentes/administrativos de 24 a 60 años. Métodos: Se realizó una traducción-retrotraducción con dos traductores, dos retrotraductores y la adaptación lingüística con 10 expertos. Obtenida la versión adaptada del cuestionario, se aplicó un análisis de comprensibilidad a 50 sujetos. Finalmente se estimó la confiabilidad test-retest en dos grupos: en adolescentes de 13 a 17 años y en adultos de 24 a 60 años. Resultados: Se obtuvo la versión traducida del cuestionario, el cual pasó por un proceso de adaptación lingüística donde 10 expertos realizaron un análisis de concordancia (Coeficiente V de Aiken = 1) y un análisis de comprensibilidad con una escala de 0 a 10 que obtuvo una media de 10 puntos. Posteriormente, esta versión fue retro traducida y cotejada con el original. En el análisis de confiabilidad, los resultados de la aplicación del test-retest encontraron una confiabilidad alta entre el puntaje total de ambas aplicaciones tanto para el grupo de 65 adultos (Kappa 0,795; intervalo de confianza al 95%: de 0,777 a 0,819) y el de 71 adolescentes (Kappa 0,946; intervalo de confianza al 95%: de 0,908 a 0,982). Conclusiones: Se adaptó el instrumento traducido cuestionario corto al contexto cultural de Perú y se encontró alta confiabilidad para los grupos de estudio de 13 a 17 años y de 24 a 60 años. Se recomienda la validación concurrente para considerar su aplicación en clínica y en investigación.

Associated factors to depression diagnosed during incarceration in Peruvian male prisoners: a sub-analysis of the national census of prison population.

PURPOSE: Depression has become a major health concern, particularly in developing countries. This disorder is highly prevalent among certain vulnerable populations, such as prisoners. In Peru, prisons are overcrowded, and the health of prisoners is neglected. Thus, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression diagnosed during incarceration in male inmates from all Peruvian prisons and assess its associated factors. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary data analysis of the National Census of Prison Population 2016 in Peru. This study included records of prisoners who reported whether they were diagnosed with depression by a health-care professional after admission into the prisons. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Of the 63,312 prisoners included in this study, 1,007 reported an in-prison diagnosis of depression by a health-care professional, which represents a prevalence of 1.59%. Substance use disorder (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.91-5.03), hypertension (aPR 7.20; 95% CI: 6.28-8.24) and previous discrimination (aPR 1.97; 95% CI: 1.62-2.40) were strongly associated with depression, even when adjusting for multiple confounders. Other directly associated variables were, for example, violence during childhood, infrequent visits in prison and diabetes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The right of prisoners to adequate health care is being neglected in Peru. Mental health is a cornerstone of health quality. Acknowledging which factors are associated with depression in prison is important to implement strategies to improve the mental health of prisoners.

Lifestyles during the First Wave of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of 16,811 Adults from Spanish-Speaking Countries in South America.

The aim of this research was to analyze the lifestyles of adults from Spanish-speaking countries in South America during the COVID-19 pandemic using a cross-sectional, analytical, and multicenter study. The target population was composed of people aged 18 and older who resided in South America during the pandemic; the final sample comprised 16,811 participants who were predominantly female, with ages ranging from 18 to 79 years. The results showed that approximately six out of ten respondents did not engage in any physical activity; only one in four respondents indicated that their diet was sufficient and balanced; and most washed their hands frequently and showered every day. Regarding the type of isolation, half reported that it was voluntary and the rest mandatory or restricted. Regarding mobility, six out of ten surveyed leave their residence on a weekly basis. Regarding the use of personal protective equipment, the majority used masks and a smaller proportion used gloves. In conclusion, the majority of respondents did not perform any physical activity; moreover, one in four reported having a sufficient balanced diet. We therefore recommend an improvement of public policies to promote better lifestyles in South America, in particular the reorientation of the health system to prevent similar situations.

The comorbidity of diabetes-depression and its association with disability amongst elderly prison inmates.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to verify the strength of association of depression as a comorbidity of diabetes with the presence of six types of disability in the elderly in prison. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional association study based on a secondary analysis of the 2016 Peru National Penitentiary Census. The population were older adults, who were held in prisons in Peru. Inmates 60 years of age or older, and both sexes were included. The response variables were the six types of permanent disability. The exposure variables were the self-report of diabetes, depression and the comorbidity of depression with diabetes diagnosed by a health professional. The sample was constituted by 2. 658 older adults. RESULTS: There was an increase in the probability of presenting the six disabilities analyzed due to the presence of comorbid diabetes with depression (p <0.05). The measure of greatest strength of association is for the disability to relate OR(a) 10.23, followed by the disability to move OR(a) 6.12 and the lowest strength of association found was for the hearing impairment OR(a) 2.80. DISCUSSION: A significant increase was found in the probability of presenting the six disabilities analyzed due to the presence of comorbid diabetes with depression compared to suffering from only one of these conditions or not suffering from them.

Comorbilidad de depresión-diabetes asociada a la discapacidad en el adulto mayor en prisión / Depression-diabetes co-morbidity associated with disability in older adults in prison

Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la fuerza de asociación de la comorbilidad depresión-diabetes con la presenciade seis tipos de discapacidad en el adulto mayor en prisión.Material y método: Estudio transversal de asociación cruzada en base a un análisis del Censo Nacional Penitenciario Perú 2016.La población de estudio fueron adultos mayores recluidos en establecimientos penitenciarios del Perú. Se incluyó a reclusos de60 años de edad o más, de ambos sexos. Las variables de respuesta fueron seis tipos de discapacidad permanente. Las variables deexposición fueron: tener diabetes, tener depresión y tener la comorbilidad depresión-diabetes diagnosticadas por un profesionalde la salud. La muestra quedó constituida por 2.658 adultos mayores.Resultados: Se encontró que la presencia de comorbilidad depresión-diabetes aumenta la posibilidad de presentar las seis discapacidades respecto a no presentar estas condiciones (p <0,05). La mayor fuerza de asociación se presentó la variable de discapacidad para relacionarse, con una razón de posibilidades [odds ratio (OR)] (c, crudo) de 10,23, seguida de la discapacidad paramoverse, con OR(a, ajustado) de 6,12. La menor fuerza de asociación encontrada fue para la discapacidad auditiva, con OR(a)de 2,80.Discusión: Se encontró un incremento importante de la probabilidad de presentar las seis discapacidades analizadas, debido a lapresencia de la comorbilidad depresión-diabetes en comparación con padecer solo alguna de estas condiciones o no padecerlas. (AU)

Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify the strength of association of depression as a comorbidity of diabeteswith the presence of six types of disability in the elderly in prison.Material and method: Cross-sectional association study based on a secondary analysis of the 2016 Peru National PenitentiaryCensus. The population were older adults, who were held in prisons in Peru. Inmates 60 years of age or older, and both sexeswere included. The response variables were the six types of permanent disability. The exposure variables were the self-reportof diabetes, depression and the comorbidity of depression with diabetes diagnosed by a health professional. The sample wasconstituted by 2. 658 older adults.Results: There was an increase in the probability of presenting the six disabilities analyzed due to the presence of comorbiddiabetes with depression (p <0.05). The measure of greatest strength of association is for the disability to relate OR(a) 10.23,followed by the disability to move OR(a) 6.12 and the lowest strength of association found was for the hearing impairment OR(a) 2.80. Discussion: A significant increase was found in the probability of presenting the six disabilities analyzed due to the presence of comorbid diabetes with depression compared to suffering from only one of these conditions or not suffering from them... (AU)