RESUMO
A sample of 253 children of alcoholics (COAs) and 237 children of nonalcoholics (non-COAs) were compared on alcohol and drug use, psychopathology, cognitive ability, and personality. COAs reported more alcohol and drug problems, stronger alcohol expectancies, higher levels of behavioral undercontrol and neuroticism, and more psychiatric distress in relation to non-COAs. They also evidenced lower academic achievement and less verbal ability than non-COAs. COAs were given Diagnostic Interview Schedule alcohol diagnoses more frequently than non-COAs. The relation between paternal alcoholism and offspring alcohol involvement was mediated by behavioral undercontrol and alcohol expectancies. Although gender differences were found, there were few Gender X Family History interactions; the effects of family history of alcoholism were similar for men and women. When gender effects were found, they showed greater family history effects for women.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/genética , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/genética , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Enquadramento PsicológicoRESUMO
This clinical trial tested the efficacy of a psychosocial intervention in a panel of white adults with a high level of recent stressful life changes and weak social supports. One hundred seventy users of three family practices were randomly assigned to receive a six-month educational program provided by a nurse practitioner or to a control group. Outcome variables were assessed over a 12-month follow-up period by mailed questionnaires and validated when possible by review of medical records. During the six months immediately following the intervention, recipients had a lower rate of restricted-activity days than controls. During the follow-up period, symptom experience, physical function, social function, and emotional function were similar in the two groups. While the overall improvement in social supports was not significantly better at the completion of the intervention for recipients than for controls, those recipients who developed strong supports had fewer restricted-activity days than those who continued to have weak supports. This educational program may provide temporary benefit to adults with high psychosocial risk for health impairment.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Morbidade , Meio Social , Apoio Social , Adulto , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Aleatória , RiscoRESUMO
Sixty-eight interviews of hospitalized patients by freshmen medical students were examined for common response patterns. Response profiles were constructed for each medical student and subjected to cluster analysis. Four common response patterns were identified: Questioning Facilitators, Declaring Facilitators, Elaborators, and Prompters. The four patterns are distinguished by the different balance they strike between directing the interview and remaining responsive to the patient. Limitations of the study and its practical implications are also considered.
Assuntos
Entrevistas como Assunto , Pacientes/psicologia , Relações Médico-Paciente , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Anamnese , Conglomerados Espaço-Temporais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The 63-item Duke UNC Health Profile assesses four dimensions of health status: presence of symptoms, physical function, social function, and emotional function. This instrument was developed for use in primary care research. We have tested its value in a primary care setting among individuals with suspected increased risk of health problems. In a group of 65 white adults with high life changes and weak social supports, this scale produced relatively stable functional status scores over fifteen months. In addition, functional status scores derived from this instrument were strongly correlated with cumulative six-month self-reported morbidity. These findings suggest that the Duke-UNC Health Profile is an acceptably reliable and valid measure of health status for adults with high psychosocial risk of health impairment.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Saúde , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Meio Social , Apoio Social , Estresse Psicológico , Adulto , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morbidade , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The incidence and pattern of self-reported illness were studied over a six-month period in panels of 292 women and 188 men categorized by their experience of stressful life changes and their perceived supportive relationships. Men and women with more than average stressful changes had a risk of illness 1.6 and 1.8 times that reported by those with below-average changes. Analysis of the interaction of stressful changes with social supports showed that women with a combination of high changes and low supports experienced 2.5 times the rate of illness as those with low changes and high supports. This interaction was not found for men. A monthly rating of perceived life stress was correlated with subsequently recalled life changes for both men and women. The findings for women are consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction of stress with degree of social support is an important predictor of illness experience.
