Entropy stabilized cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 with reduced lithium diffusion activation energy: studied using solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Stabilizing cubic polymorph of Li7La3Zr2O12 at low temperatures is challenging and currently limited to mono- or dual-ion doping with aliovalent ions. Herein, a high-entropy strategy at the Zr sites was deployed to stabilize the cubic phase and lower the lithium diffusion activation energy, evident from the static 7Li and MAS 6Li NMR spectra.

Probing the Local Site Disorder and Distortion in Pyrochlore High-Entropy Oxides.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have attracted great interest in diverse fields because of their inherent opportunities to tailor and combine materials functionalities. The control of local order/disorder in the class is by extension a grand challenge toward realizing their vast potential. Here we report the first examples of pyrochlore HEOs with five M-site cations, for Nd2M2O7, in which the local structure has been investigated by neutron diffraction and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The average structure of the pyrochlores is found to be orthorhombic Imma, in agreement with radius-ratio rules governing the structural archetype. The computed PDFs from density functional theory relaxed special quasirandom structure models are compared with real space PDFs in this work to evaluate M-site order/disorder. Reverse Monte Carlo combined with ab initio molecular dynamics and Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations demonstrates that Nd2(Ta0.2Sc0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Zr0.2)2O7 is synthesized with its M-site local to nanoscale order highly randomized/disordered, while Nd2(Ti0.2Nb0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Zr0.2)2O7+x exhibits a strong distortion of the TiO6 octahedron and small degree of Ti chemical short-range order (SRO) on the subnanometer scale. Calculations suggest that this may be intrinsic, energetically favored SRO rather than due to sample processing. These results offer an important demonstration that the engineered variation of participating ions in HEOs, even among those with very similar radii, provides richly diverse opportunities to control local order/disorder motifs-and therefore materials properties for future designs. This work also hints at the exquisite level of detail that may be needed in computational and experimental data analysis to guide structure-property tuning in the emerging HEO materials class.

Phonon Spectroscopy in Antimony and Tellurium Oxides.

α-Sb2O3 (senarmontite), ß-Sb2O3 (valentinite), and α-TeO2 (paratellurite) are compounds with pronounced stereochemically active Sb and Te lone pairs. The vibrational and lattice properties of each have been previously studied but often lead to incomplete or unreliable results due to modes being inactive in infrared or Raman spectroscopy. Here, we present a study of the relationship between bonding and lattice dynamics of these compounds. Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to study the structure of Sb in α-Sb2O3 and ß-Sb2O3, whereas the vibrational modes of Sb and Te for each oxide are investigated using nuclear inelastic scattering, and further information on O vibrational modes is obtained using inelastic neutron scattering. Additionally, vibrational frequencies obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations are compared with experimental results in order to assess the validity of the utilized functional. Good agreement was found between DFT-calculated and experimental density of phonon states with a 7% scaling factor. The Sb-O-Sb wagging mode of α-Sb2O3 whose frequency was not clear in most previous studies is experimentally observed for the first time at ∼340 cm-1. Softer lattice vibrational modes occur in orthorhombic ß-Sb2O3 compared to cubic α-Sb2O3, indicating that the antimony bonds are weakened upon transforming from the molecular α phase to the layer-chained ß structure. The resulting vibrational entropy increase of 0.45 ± 0.1 kB/Sb2O3 at 880 K accounts for about half of the α-ß transition entropy. The comparison of experimental and theoretical approaches presented here provides a detailed picture of the lattice dynamics in these oxides beyond the zone center and shows that the accuracy of DFT is sufficient for future calculations of similar material structures.

Probing the Li4 Ti5 O12 Interface Upon Lithium Uptake by Operando Small Angle Neutron Scattering.

The formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of Li4 Ti5 O12 (LTO) has become a highly controversial topic, with arguments for it and against it. However, prior studies supporting the formation of an SEI layer have typically suggested that a layer forms upon cycling of a cell, although the layer is probed after disassembling. In this study, cubic mesostructured LTO is synthesized with crystallite domain sizes between 3 and 4 nm and uniform pores with diameters ≤8 nm. The mean pore size is controlled between 4-8 nm through the use of a triblock amphipathic copolymer with a tunable hydrophobic block as template and by thermal treatment. The LTO morphology obtained is spherical and evolves upon heat treatment. These materials show excellent electrochemical performance, including high rate capability and capacity retention. The LTO material is subjected to operando small-angle neutron scattering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments, which reveal that the highly debated SEI forms at potentials as high as 2.2 V, first as a LiF-rich layer and subsequently by the growth of a carbonaceous layer. These SEI products form first on the smaller pores before forming on the mesopores.

Synthesizing High-Capacity Oxyfluoride Conversion Anodes by Direct Fluorination of Molybdenum Dioxide (MoO2 ).

High-capacity metal oxide conversion anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are primarily limited by their poor reversibility and cycling stability. In this study, a promising approach has been developed to improve the electrochemical performance of a MoO2 anode by direct fluorination of the prelithiated MoO2 . The fluorinated anode contains a mixture of crystalline MoO2 and amorphous molybdenum oxyfluoride phases, as determined from a suite of characterization methods including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical measurements indicate that fluorination facilitates the conversion reaction kinetics, which leads to increased capacity, higher coulombic efficiency, and better cycling stability as compared to the nonfluorinated samples. These results suggest that fluorination after prelithiation not only favors formation of the oxyfluoride phase but also improves the lithium-ion diffusivity and reversibility of the conversion reaction, making it an attractive approach to address the problems of conversion electrodes. These findings provide a new route to design high-capacity negative electrodes for LIBs.

Fluorination of MXene by Elemental F2 as Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The transformation of MXene sheets into TiOF2 2D sheets with superior electrochemical performance was developed. MXene synthesized from Ti3 AlC2 was fluorinated for 3, 6, and 24 h, respectively, by means of a direct fluorination process. Exposure of MXene powder to elemental fluorine for 3 h induced the formation of CF2 groups and TiF3 on the surface, which have beneficial effects on the electrochemical performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that after fluorinating the MXene sample for 6 h Ti2+ and Ti3+ were not present on the surface but only Ti4+ , indicating the formation of TiOF2 . XRD indicated that TiOF2 was present after fluorinating for 3 h, and after 24 h the MXene had transformed to TiOF2 with minor impurities remaining, maintaining its 2D layer morphology. The 24 h fluorinated sample with its TiOF2 phase showed superior capacity that increased with cycle number. It also had a better rate capability than non-2D-layered TiOF2 , indicating the advantage of the 2D-layered morphology derived from the parent MXene phase.

Ion Dynamics in Ionic-Liquid-Based Li-Ion Electrolytes Investigated by Neutron Scattering and Dielectric Spectroscopy.

A detailed understanding of the diffusion mechanisms of ions in pure and doped ionic liquids remains an important aspect in the design of new ionic-liquid electrolytes for energy storage. To gain more insight into the widely used imidazolium-based ionic liquids, the relationship between viscosity, ionic conductivity, diffusion coefficients, and reorientational dynamics in the ionic liquid 3-methyl-1-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DMIM-TFSI) with and without lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) was examined. The diffusion coefficients for the DMIM+ cation and the role of ion aggregates were investigated by using the quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and neutron spin echo techniques. Two diffusion mechanisms are observed for the DMIM+ cation with and without Li-TFSI, that is, translational and local. The data additionally suggest that Li+ ion transport along with ion aggregates, known as the vehicle mechanism, may play a significant role in the ion diffusion process. These dielectric-spectroscopy investigations in a broad temperature and frequency range reveal a typical α-ß-relaxation scenario. The α relaxation mirrors the glassy freezing of the dipolar ions, and the ß relaxation exhibits the signatures of a Johari-Goldstein relaxation. In contrast to the translational mode detected by neutron scattering, arising from the decoupled faster motion of the DMIM+ ions, the α relaxation is well coupled to the dc charge transport, that is, the average translational motion of all three ion species in the material. The local diffusion process detected by QENS is only weakly dependent on temperature and viscosity and can be ascribed to the typical fast dynamics of glass-forming liquids.

Influence of Nonstoichiometry on Proton Conductivity in Thin-Film Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate.

Proton-conducting perovskites have been widely studied because of their potential application as solid electrolytes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Structural and chemical heterogeneities can develop during synthesis, device fabrication, or service, which can profoundly affect proton transport. Here, we use time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and density functional theory calculations to intentionally introduce Ba-deficient planar and spherical defects and link the resultant atomic structure with proton transport behavior in both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric epitaxial, yttrium-doped barium zirconate thin films. The defects were intentionally induced through high-temperature annealing treatment, while maintaining the epitaxial single crystalline structure of the films, with an overall relaxation in the atomic structure. The annealed samples showed smaller magnitudes of local lattice distortions because of the formation of proton polarons, thereby leading to decreased proton-trapping effect. This resulted in a decrease in the activation energy for proton transport, leading to faster proton transport.

Neutron scattering in the proximate quantum spin liquid α-RuCl3.

The Kitaev quantum spin liquid (KQSL) is an exotic emergent state of matter exhibiting Majorana fermion and gauge flux excitations. The magnetic insulator α-RuCl3 is thought to realize a proximate KQSL. We used neutron scattering on single crystals of α-RuCl3 to reconstruct dynamical correlations in energy-momentum space. We discovered highly unusual signals, including a column of scattering over a large energy interval around the Brillouin zone center, which is very stable with temperature. This finding is consistent with scattering from the Majorana excitations of a KQSL. Other, more delicate experimental features can be transparently associated with perturbations to an ideal model. Our results encourage further study of this prototypical material and may open a window into investigating emergent magnetic Majorana fermions in correlated materials.

A high performance hybrid battery based on aluminum anode and LiFePO4 cathode.

A novel hybrid battery utilizing an aluminum anode, a LiFePO4 cathode and an acidic ionic liquid electrolyte based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) (EMImCl-AlCl3, 1-1.1 in molar ratio) with or without LiAlCl4 is proposed. The hybrid ion battery delivers an initial high capacity of 160 mA h g(-1) at a current rate of C/5. It also shows good rate capability and cycling performance.

The reaction mechanism of FeSb(2) as anode for sodium-ion batteries.

The electrochemical reaction of FeSb2 with Na is reported for the first time. The first discharge (sodiation) potential profile of FeSb2 is characterized by a gentle slope centered at 0.25 V. During charge (Na removal) and the subsequent discharge, the main reaction takes place near 0.7 V and 0.4 V, respectively. The reversible storage capacity amounts to 360 mA h g(-1), which is smaller than the theoretical value of 537 mA h g(-1). The reaction, studied by ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction, is found to proceed by the consumption of crystalline FeSb2 to form an amorphous phase. Upon further sodiation, the formation of nanocrystalline Na3Sb domains is evidenced. During desodiation, Na3Sb domains convert into an amorphous phase. The chemical environment of Fe, probed by (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, undergoes significant changes during the reaction. During sodiation, the well-resolved doublet of FeSb2 with an isomer shift around 0.45 mm s(-1) and a quadrupole splitting of 1.26 mm s(-1) is gradually converted into a doublet line centered at about 0.15 mm s(-1) along with a singlet line around 0 mm s(-1). The former signal results from the formation of a Fe-rich FexSb alloy with an estimated composition of 'Fe4Sb' while the latter signal corresponds to superparamagnetic Fe due to the formation of nanosized pure Fe domains. Interestingly the signal of 'Fe4Sb' remains unaltered during desodiation. This mechanism is substantially different than that observed during the reaction with Li. The irreversible formation of a Fe-rich 'Fe4Sb' alloy and the absence of full desodiation of Sb domains explain the lower than theoretical practical storage capacity.

Orienting oxygen vacancies for fast catalytic reaction.

A strategy to enhance the catalytic activity at the surface of an oxide thin film is unveiled through epitaxial orientation control of the surface oxygen vacancy concentration. By tuning the direction of the oxygen vacancy channels (OVCs) in the brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 , a 100-fold improvement in the oxygen reduction kinetics is realized in an epitaxial thin film that has the OVCs open to the surface.

Predictions of particle size and lattice diffusion pathway requirements for sodium-ion anodes using η-Cu6Sn5 thin films as a model system.

Geometrically well-defined Cu6Sn5 thin films were used as a model system to estimate the diffusion depth and diffusion pathway requirements of Na ions in alloy anodes. Cu6Sn5 anodes have an initial reversible capacity towards Li of 545 mA h g(-1) (Li3.96Sn or 19.8 Li/Cu6Sn5), close to the theoretical 586 mA h g(-1) (Li4.26Sn), and a very low initial irreversible capacity of 1.6 Li/Cu6Sn5 (Li0.32Sn). In contrast, the reaction with Na is limited with a reversible capacity of 160 mA h g(-1) compared to the expected 516 mA h g(-1) (Na3.75Sn). X-ray diffraction and (119)Sn-Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements show that this limited capacity likely results from the restricted diffusion of Na into the anode nanoparticles and not the formation of a low Na-content phase. Moreover, our results suggest that the η-Cu6Sn5 alloy should have optimized particle sizes of nearly 10 nm diameter to increase the Na capacity significantly. An alternative system consisting of a two-phase mixture of Cu6Sn5 and Sn of nominal composition 'Cu6Sn10' has been studied and is able to deliver a larger initial reversible storage capacity of up to 400 mA h g(-1). Finally, we have demonstrated that the presence of Cu in Cu6Sn5 and 'Cu6Sn10' suppresses the anomalous electrolyte decomposition normally observed for pure Sn.

Local structure of a pure Bi A site polar perovskite revealed by pair distribution function analysis and reverse Monte Carlo modeling: correlated off-axis displacements in a rhombohedral material.

Perovskite oxides with Bi(3+) on the A site are of interest as candidate replacements for lead-based piezoelectric ceramics. Current understanding of the chemical factors permitting the synthesis of ambient-pressure-stable perovskite oxides with Bi(3+) on the A site is limited to information derived from average structures. The local structure of the lead-free ferroelectric perovskite Bi(Ti(3/8)Fe(2/8)Mg(3/8))O(3) is studied by reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of neutron scattering data. The resultant model is consistent with the structure derived from diffraction but reveals key extra structural features due to correlated local displacements that are inaccessible from the average unit cell. The resulting structural picture emphasizes the need to combine symmetry-averaged long-range and local analysis of the structures of compositionally complex, substitutionally disordered functional materials. Local correlation of the off-axis displacements of the A site cation produces monoclinic domains consistent with the existence of displacement directions other than R (<111>(p)) or T (<100>(p)). The Bi displacements are correlated ferroelectrically both in the polar direction and orthogonal to it, providing evidence of the presence of monoclinic domains. The octahedral cation environments reveal distinct differences in the coordination geometry of the different B site metal ions. The local nature of these deviations and correlations makes them inaccessible to long-range averaged techniques. The resulting local structure information provides a new understanding of the stability of pure Bi(3+) A site perovskite oxides.

Frustration of magnetic and ferroelectric long-range order in Bi(2)Mn(4/3)Ni(2/3)O(6).

The slight incommensurate modulation of the structure of Bi(2)Mn(4/3)Ni(2/3)O(6) is sufficient to suppress the electrical polarization which arises in commensurate treatments of the structure, due to antiferroelectric coupling of local polar units of over 900 A(3). The incommensurate structure is produced by the competition between ferroelectric Bi lone pair-driven A site displacement, chemical order of Mn and Ni on the B site, and both charge and orbital order at these transition metals. The interplay between the frustrated polar Bi displacements and the frustrated spin order at the B site, induced by positional disorder, produces magnetodielectric coupling between the incommensurately modulated lattice and the spin-glass-like ground state with an unusual relationship between the magnetocapacitance and the applied field.

Towards an understanding of the mechanics underlying aortic dissection.

Acute aortic dissection and associated aortic catastrophes are among the most devastating forms of cardiovascular disease, with a remarkably high morbidity and mortality despite current medical and surgical treatment. The mechanics underlying aortic dissection are incompletely understood, and a further understanding of the relevant fluid and solid mechanics may yield not only a better appreciation of its pathogenesis, but also the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. After illustrating some of the inadequacies with respect to the extant work on the mechanics of aortic dissection, we alternatively postulate that the clinical hemodynamic disturbances that render the aorta susceptible to the initiation of dissection are principally elevated maximum systolic and mean aortic blood pressure, whereas the hemodynamic disturbances that facilitate propagation of dissection are principally elevated pulse pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, abnormal aortic mechanical properties and/or geometry are requisite for dissection to occur. Specifically, we propose that the degree of anisotropy will directly influence the probability of future aortic dissection. Imaging of the aorta may provide information regarding aortic anisotropy and geometry, and in combination with a hemodynamic risk assessment, has the potential to be able to prospectively identify patients at high risk for future aortic dissection thereby facilitating prophylactic intervention. The aim of the paper is to identify the main mechanical issues that have a bearing on aortic dissection, and to suggest an appropriate mathematical model for describing the problem.

Methylaminated potassium fulleride, (CH3NH2)K3C60: towards hyperexpanded fulleride lattices.

Co-intercalation of methylamine molecules into the cubic K3C60 lattice affords the fulleride (CH3NH2)K3C60, which was characterized by Raman and MAS 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction technique was employed to determine its crystal structure at ambient temperature. We find that CH3NH2 bonds to K+ ions residing in the pseudo-octahedral interstices, thereby providing an efficient and facile route to hyperexpanded close-packed strongly anisotropic fulleride lattices, while retaining the electronic contact between the C603- anions. Preliminary evidence for the occurrence of a transition to an antiferromagnetic state at low temperature is also presented, consistent with the proximity of the present system to the metal-insulator boundary of the electronic phase diagram of C603- fullerides.

A polar oxide with a large magnetization synthesized at ambient pressure.

The perovskite Bi2Mn4/3Ni2/3O6 is polar and combines relative permittivity behavior consistent with ferroelectricity with the magnetic response of a concentrated spin-glass. Bi2Mn4/3Ni2/3O6 is accessible by ambient pressure synthesis despite the instability of the end-members BiMnO3 and BiNiO3 under these conditions.