RESUMO
Three lines of commercialYorkshire pigs with defined SLA-DRB1 alleles were developed at the University of Guelph for xenotransplantation and immune response studies. Two of the SLA-DRB1 alleles have been previously reported (SLA-DRB1*0502 and *0701), whereas the third one is a new allele. The influence of defined SLA-DRB1 alleles on transcriptional patterns of immune-related genes in blood mononuclear cells (BMCs) of pigs was explored using cDNA microarray. Microarray analysis showed significant differential expression of inflammatory genes in association with the various SLA-DRB1 alleles. A better understanding of the association between SLA genotypes and gene activity can increase the knowledge of the function of these molecules, as well as define new strategies to control animal health and optimize animal production.
Assuntos
DNA Complementar/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Monócitos/imunologia , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Suínos/genética , Animais , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe IIRESUMO
A cross-sectional survey of postpartum women following discharge from five hospitals in Ontario, Canada, examined breatfeeding patterns and risk factors for early discontinuation. Consenting mothers completed self-administered questionnaires prior to discharge (n = 1250) and telephone interviews at 4 weeks postdischarge (n = 875). Breastfeeding initiation rates for women completing the interview varied from 82% to 96% across the sites. Continuation rates rapidly declined, with 13% to 24% of women who had initiated breastfeeding switching to formula by 4 weeks postpartum. Perceived inadequate milk supply, difficulty with breastfeeding techniques, and sore nipples were the main reasons reported. Risk factors for breastfeeding cessation included not completing high school; intention to breastfeed less than 4 months; not anticipating the use of a "mom's group" or "drop-in center"; one or more maternal visits to a family physician; length of postpartum stay greater than 48 hours; unmet need for care or help with breastfeeding; and received advice, information, or support about formula feeding.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Lactação/fisiologia , Mães/psicologia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Leite Humano , Ontário , Fatores de Risco , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine infant feeding practices up to 8 weeks postpartum in Hamilton-Wentworth. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 227 women using a pre-discharge, self-administered questionnaire, medical record review and follow-up telephone interview. RESULTS: Breastfeeding initiation rate was 85%. By 6-8 weeks postpartum, 30% of women had stopped breastfeeding; 55% had switched to formula within the first 14 days. Infants who did not receive supplementation in hospital were 2.49 times more likely than infants who received supplementation to breastfeed for at least 6 weeks. Although 54% of mothers who initiated breastfeeding reported receiving formula gift packs, no association was found. CONCLUSIONS: The breastfeeding initiation rate appears to have increased in Hamilton-Wentworth since 1995. However, this study reinforces the need to address early cessation and infant supplementation, and raises concern about violation of the WHO/UNICEF International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes through mailing of formula coupons.
