Prospecting bacterial consortia from a geothermal site for metals biotransformation.

Biomats that flourished in a fumarole located on the geothermal site Los Azufres (Mexico) were used as inocula to select aerobic and sulfate-reducing bacteria consortia for studying their capacity to reduce hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], aiming to use these consortia in biotransformation technologies. The sample site is characterized by slightly warm (nearly 27 [Formula: see text]C), acid (pH 3) and about hypoxic (1.8 mg L[Formula: see text] of dissolved oxygen) conditions. Four culture systems (2 aerobic and 2 anaerobic) were investigated, including their enzymatic activity, capacity to produce biofilms, and an analysis of the total bacterial populations. For the anaerobic condition (using sulfate and sulfur as electron acceptors), four pH values (from 2 to 8) and four carbon sources (pyruvate, glycerol, Na-lactate and Na-acetate) were probed. Significant biological Cr(VI) removal was observed for all the pH values probed, particularly during the first 12 h, being more effective at the most acid conditions. At a pH value of 4 and using pyruvate as carbon source, 100 mg L[Formula: see text] of Cr(VI) were completely depleted in less than 12 h, while the use of Na-lactate was less effective but still reasonable. These results indicate that sulfate-reducing bacteria consortia from geothermal sites like the one studied here are capable of biotransforming Cr(VI) and have the potential to provide metal bioremediation technologies.

Hexavalent chromium reduction by bacterial consortia and pure strains from an alkaline industrial effluent.

AIMS: To characterize the bacterial consortia and isolates selected for their role in hexavalent chromium removal by adsorption and reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial consortia from industrial wastes revealed significant Cr(VI) removal after 15 days when incubated in medium M9 at pH 6·5 and 8·0. The results suggested chromium reduction. The bacterial consortia diversity (T-RFLP based on 16S rRNA gene) indicated a highest number of operational taxonomic units in an alkaline carbonate medium mimicking in situ conditions. However, incubations under such conditions revealed low Cr(VI) removal. Genomic libraries were obtained for the consortia exhibiting optimal Cr(VI) removal (M9 medium at pH 6·5 and 8·0). They revealed the dominance of 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the genera Pseudomonas/Stenotrophomonas or Enterobacter/Halomonas, respectively. Isolates related to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were efficient in Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption to the biomass. CONCLUSIONS: Cr(VI) reduction was better at neutral pH rather than under in situ conditions (alkaline pH with carbonate). Isolated strains exhibited significant capacity for Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Bacterial communities from chromium-contaminated industrial wastes as well as isolates were able to remove Cr(VI). The results suggest a good potential for bioremediation of industrial wastes when optimal conditions are applied.

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis (Labrea black fever) in the western Brazilian Amazon region.

The genotypes of hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses circulating among fulminant hepatitis cases from the western Amazon Basin of Brazil were characterized in this study. HBV and HDV isolates were obtained from liver samples from 14 patients who developed fulminant hepatitis and died during 1978-1989. HBV DNA and HDV RNA were detected in all samples. Phylogenetic analyses of HDV sequences showed that they all clustered with previously characterized sequences of HDV genotype 3 (HDV-3). HBV genotypes F, A and D were found in 50.0, 28.6 and 21.4 % of cases, respectively. These results confirm the predominance of HDV-3 in South America and its association with the severe form of hepatitis, and the finding of the co-infection of HDV-3 with different genotypes of HBV suggests that the association between HDV-3 and HBV-F is not necessarily causally related to a more severe clinical course of infection.