Diabetes-related knowledge and sources of information among periodontal patients: is there a role for dental hygienists?

PURPOSE: Although there is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes, little is known about the diabetes-related knowledge of periodontal patients. This study examines what patients with periodontal disease know about diabetes and its association with periodontitis. It also examines their sources of diabetes-related information. METHODS: Patients (n=111) with or at risk for diabetes who were receiving care at a university-based periodontics and implant clinic completed a written survey assessing their socio-demographic characteristics, health-related activities, diabetes knowledge and sources of diabetes-related information. Survey results were summarized using descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare patients who had and had not been diagnosed with diabetes according to responses on diabetes-related knowledge items and sources of diabetes information. RESULTS: Although respondents endorsed various diabetes-related information sources, including family and friends and health care providers, respondents demonstrated very limited knowledge about the diabetes and periodontal disease association. There were no statistically significant differences between patients who had, and had not been diagnosed with diabetes regarding their diabetes-related knowledge. As compared with patients not diagnosed with diabetes, patients with diabetes were significantly more likely to have learned about diabetes from a health care provider (p=0.05) and significantly less likely to have learned about it from friends or family (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Periodontal patients need education about the periodontitis-diabetes relationship. Dental hygienists' regular and ongoing involvement with these patients and their primary role in the patients' periodontal care places them in an optimal position to provide this education.

A novel intraoral diabetes screening approach in periodontal patients: results of a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: This pilot study examines whether a novel diabetes screening approach using gingival crevicular blood (GCB) could be used to test for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) during periodontal visits. METHODS: Finger-stick blood (FSB) samples from 120 patients and GCB samples from those patients with adequate bleeding on probing (BOP) were collected on special blood collection cards and analyzed for HbA1c levels in a laboratory. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure correlation between FSB and GCB HbA1c values for 75 paired FSB and GCB samples. A receiver-operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to determine an optimal GCB HbA1c criterion value for a positive diabetes screen. RESULTS: For the 75 paired samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.842. The ROC analysis identified a criterion value of 6.3% for the GCB HbA1c test with high sensitivity (0.933) and high specificity (0.900), corresponding to FSB HbA1c values ≥6.5% (in the diabetes range). Using this GCB HbA1c criterion value for 27 additional paired samples, in which there was an unidentified component observed to coelute within the elution window of GCB HbA1c in the laboratory, there was agreement between FSB and GCB values for 24 of the pairs according to whether both were within or outside of the diabetes range. CONCLUSION: Using a criterion value of 6.3%, GCB samples are acceptable for HbA1c testing to screen for diabetes in most persons with BOP at the GCB collection site.

The potential use of gingival crevicular blood for measuring glucose to screen for diabetes: an examination based on characteristics of the blood collection site.

BACKGROUND: This study examined conditions under which gingival crevicular blood (GCB) could be used to obtain a useful glucose reading to screen for undiagnosed diabetes during routine dental visits. METHODS: GCB and capillary finger-stick blood (CFB) glucose readings obtained with a glucometer were compared for 46 patients recruited from an urban university dental clinic. Study participants were divided into two groups based on probing depth or bleeding on probing (BOP) at the site of collection of the GCB sample. Group 1 participants had blood collected from sites with adequate BOP to obtain a sample without touching the tooth or gingival margin, whereas group 2 participants had blood collected from sites with little or no bleeding. For each group, Pearson correlations were calculated for glucose readings obtained using GCB and CFB samples, and the limits of agreement between the two samples were examined. RESULTS: For group 1 participants, correlations between CFB and GCB glucose readings were high (0.89), and the limits of agreement were acceptable (-27.1 to 29.7). By contrast, for participants in group 2, correlations between the glucose readings were lower (0.78), and limits of agreement were much broader (-25.1 to 80.5). CONCLUSION: GCB samples were suitable to screen for diabetes in persons with sufficient BOP to obtain a sample without touching the tooth or gingival margin (i.e., in patients having the basic clinical signs of gingivitis or periodontal disease).