Discovery of three new species of Thiratoscirtus (Araneae: Salticidae: Thiratoscirtinae) from Central African rainforest.

Three new species of Thiratoscirtus are described from Salonga National Park, D.R. Congo: Thiratoscirtus iyomii (), T. kalisia () and T. khonvoum (). All species were caught on the forest floor during a rapid biodiversity inventory and represent the second report of spider collections from the largest protected tropical rainforest reserve in Africa.

Clinical factors and early life experiences associated with therapeutic alliance development in treatment for depression or binge eating.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines childhood and clinical factors theorized to impact therapeutic alliance development over the course of psychotherapy. METHOD: Raters assessed the therapeutic alliance of 212 client-therapist dyads, participating in two randomized controlled trials of schema therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy for binge eating or major depression, at three time points. Linear mixed models were used to characterize therapeutic alliance development over time and assess the influence of childhood trauma, perceived parental bonding, diagnosis and therapy type on scores. RESULTS: Participants differed in initial alliance ratings for all subscales but had similar growth trajectories in all but the patient hostility subscale. A diagnosis of bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder predicted greater initial levels of client distress, client dependency and overall client contribution to a strong therapeutic alliance, compared with a diagnosis of depression. Therapy type, childhood trauma and perceived parental bonds did not predict alliance scores. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the potential influence of clinical and personal characteristics on alliance strength and development, with implications for maximizing treatment outcomes through anticipating and responding to these challenges.

Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae).

A new species of ant-resembling sac spider of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., is described from the Sub-Andean area of the Bolivian orocline. The species was collected from savanna grass along the edges of the Chiquitano forest and is a putative mimic of the carpenter ants Camponotus cf. crassus or C. cf. blandus.

Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.a new Neotropical spider species resembling headless Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae).

A new ant-like spider species of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., representing the second species of Mazax recorded from South America, is described from the Bolivian orocline and the Paraguayan Chaco region. The new species superficially resembles Mazax ramirezi Rubio Daniman, 2014, but can be distinguished from this species and all other congeners by a combination of the following characters: feathery setae on the carapace, a tibia I spine formula of 54 in males and 55 in females, the embolus sub-apical with a spatulate extension, the lung-shaped spermathecae II and slightly undulating copulatory ducts. Adults of M. akephaloi sp. nov. were observed foraging in association with workers of the ant Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908 on the ground or leaf litter along forest edges. Although the spiders were lacking a structure imitating the head of the ants, they shared several characters (dark brown integument with distinct, coarse wrinkles and shiny reflections, abdomen anteriorly with dorsally pointing process and distinct median constriction) that increased the species-specific similarity to their potential ant models.

A new species of Copa (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) from dry forests in the north west of Madagascar.

A new species of the castianeirine spider genus Copa Simon, 1885, is described from northwestern Mahamavo region in Madagascar. Copa sakalava sp. nov. () is illustrated and diagnosed against continental Afrotropical congeners.

Description of a new species of Myrmecotypus (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae), the first of its genus known from Paraguay, with an updated key to species.

The castianeirine spider genus Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 is reported from Paraguay for the first time, with the description of a new species, Myrmecotypus mboitui sp. nov. (♂♀) from the eembuc Wetlands Complex of south-western Paraguay. The species belongs to a small group of Myrmecotypus with elongated and constricted abdomens. Illustrations of the diagnostic characters of the new species are provided. An updated key to the species of Myrmecotypus is presented.

Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leito, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains.

Two Neotropical species of the subfamily Castianeirinae are treated herein. Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leito, 1945 was described from a single female specimen; we provide a redescription of the female and the male is described for the first time. The species is newly recorded from Paraguay and Bolivia. Also, Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov. is described from the Bolivian Moxos plains, a tropical savanna ecoregion of the Beni department of northern Bolivia. The new species can be distinguished from others in the genus by having tibia I spination 3-2, coxa II whitish (the remainder dark), and a unique male palpal embolus with two broad embolic discs basal to the embolus tip.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Awareness Is Low Among Heterosexual People of Color Who Might Benefit From PrEP in Philadelphia.

INTRODUCTION: We assessed awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-negative Black and Latinx persons living in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Statistical Area. METHODS: Using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, we analyzed data from the 2016 heterosexual cycle of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system to assess how sociodemographic factors, health care utilization, and risk behaviors affected PrEP awareness. RESULTS: Participants (n = 472) were predominately Black, non-Hispanic (88.1%) with a median age of 41.5 years. Most participants reported having a usual source of medical care (92.1%) and seeing a medical provider within 12 months (87.0%). However, PrEP awareness was low in this sample (4.9%) and was lower among those who had a medical visit compared with those who had not ( P < .01). CONCLUSION: Current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical guidelines suggest that providers counsel high-risk patients about PrEP. Our data suggest that this is not happening with people of color in Philadelphia. Interventions targeting medical providers working with HIV-risk people of color may be appropriate.

The primordial follicle reserve is not renewed after chemical or γ-irradiation mediated depletion.

Reports indicate that germ-line stem cells present in adult mice can rapidly generate new oocytes and contribute to the primordial follicle reserve following conditions of ovotoxic stress. We further investigated the hypothesis that adult mice have the capacity to generate new oocytes by monitoring primordial follicle numbers throughout postnatal life and following depletion of the primordial follicle reserve by exposure to doxorubicin (DXR), trichostatin A (TSA), or whole-body γ-irradiation. We show that primordial follicle number remains stable in adult C57BL/6 mice between the ages of 25 and 100 days. However, within 2 days of treatment with DXR or TSA, primordial follicle numbers had declined to 65 and 51% respectively (P<0.05-0.01 when compared to untreated controls), with no restoration of follicle numbers evident after 7 days for either treatment. Furthermore, ovaries from mice subjected to sterilizing doses of γ-irradiation (0.45 or 4.5 Gy) revealed complete ablation of all primordial follicles 5 days after treatment, with no indication of follicular renewal. We conclude that neo-folliculogenesis does not occur following chemical or γ-irradiation mediated depletion of the primordial follicle reserve.

Reprogramming and differentiation in mammals: motifs and mechanisms.

The natural reprogramming of the mammalian egg and sperm genomes is an efficient process that takes place in less than 24 hours and gives rise to a totipotent zygote. Transfer of somatic nuclei to mammalian oocytes also leads to their reprogramming and formation of totipotent embryos, albeit very inefficiently and requiring an activation step. Reprogramming of differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells takes place during a period of time substantially longer than reprogramming of the egg and sperm nuclei and is significantly less efficient. The stochastic expression of endogenous proteins during this process would imply that controlled expression of specific proteins is crucial for reprogramming to take place. The fact that OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 form the core components of the pluripotency circuitry would imply that control at the transcriptional level is important for reprogramming to iPS cells. In contradistinction, the much more efficient reprogramming of the mammalian egg and sperm genomes implies that other levels of control are necessary, such as chromatin remodeling, translational regulation, and efficient degradation of no longer needed proteins and RNAs.

Moving the collections of an academic health sciences library.

Expansion of the physical facilities of the Health Sciences Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill necessitated relocating the entire journal and book collections within the library. This paper discusses the problems involved in planning such a move, the gathering and analysis of relevant data, the formulation of an overall plan based on the data analysis, and the actual move. The use of specially-written computer programs greatly aided in the move's planning and execution and also yielded quantitative data describing the characteristics of an academic health sciences collection.

Utilization of services for preventable disease: a case study of dental care in a southern rural area of the United States.

The use made of dental services, both preventive and symptomatic, was explored in a small rural southern community in North Carolina as part of a case study illustrative of southern rural patterns of utilization of elective health services. The target population of 1689 persons in 545 households was interviewed in a household survey and in each of four follow-up panel visits over a period of one year--1974--75. Though overall utilization of dental services was low and preventive dental services even lower in both blacks and whites, blacks were at a considerable disadvantage. Unlike whites, increasing education did not increase use of services in blacks; also, unlike whites, black mothers' preventive behaviour was not associated with increased dental preventive behaviour in their children. In addition to barriers to care suffered by the poor, blacks in the south still have additional barriers to overcome: Established patterns of practice are slow to change even when legal and financial barriers are lowered.

Effect of sensory stimulation on the uptake and incorporation of radioactive lysine into protein of mouse brain and liver.

Alterations in incorporation of tritiated lysine into protein of mouse brain and liver were observed following brief exposure to a variety of sensory stimuli. During a 15-min session, subjects were trained to perform a one-way active avoidance response or else were exposed to one of the stimulus components of the situation, including shocks, buzzers, lights, handling, and the apparatus alone. Twenty min after these behavioral treatments, tritiated lysine was injected subcutaneously, and its incorporation into total protein during a 10-min pulse was measured. Quiet mice, undisturbed until injection of the precursor, constituted the baseline group for biochemical comparisons. Most behavioral treatments increased the total amount of radioactivity in brain and liver. The treatments increased the incorporation of radioactivity into protein of both organs even more, thereby producing elevations of relative radioactivity (RR) of protein, a measure of the amount of radioactivity incorporated into protein relative to that in the acid-soluble pools. The RR increases following most of the behavioral experiences were approximately equal; however, exposure to lights or to the apparatus were less effective than the other treatments in eliciting these metabolic changes. The responses were greatly diminished in mice previously exposed to the treatments. Thus, the effectiveness of a stimulus in producing these metabolic alterations may depend upon its apparent magnitude and its novelty. The total radioactivity increases were larger in brain than in liver, while the RR increases were smaller in brain than in liver. Brain RR increases were of equal magnitude when the precursor was injected 5, 20, or 35 min after behavioral treatment, whereas the liver RR responses declined markedly over this period. Despite these differences, strong positive correlations between brain and liver across the various behavioral treatments existed. The RR changes occurred about equally in the cerebellum-brain stem, basal ganglia, hippocampus-septum, and ventral cortex, while the thalamus-hypothalamus and dorsal cortex showed smaller differences.