Novel Focus of Sin Nombre Virus in Peromyscus eremicus Mice, Death Valley National Park, California, USA.

The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is the primary reservoir for Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in the western United States. Rodent surveillance for hantavirus in Death Valley National Park, California, USA, revealed cactus mice (P. eremicus) as a possible focal reservoir for SNV in this location. We identified SNV antibodies in 40% of cactus mice sampled.

Clinical, epidemiologic, and environmental surveillance for ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in an endemic area of northern California.

Two forms of tick-borne leukocytotropic rickettsioses have been recognized in California since the mid-1990s: human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Between 1997 and 1999, two cases of HME and four cases of HGA were diagnosed in residents of southern Humboldt County, California. Environmental followup at case-patients' residences revealed dense populations of Ixodes pacificus ticks, particularly in grassy roadside areas. PCR evidence of A. phagocytophilum was detected in approximately 2.0% of I. pacificus; E. chaffeensis was not detected in any of 625 ticks tested. Serologic antibody to A. phagocytophilum was detected in two of 54 participants in a community epidemiologic study; one of these also had antibody to E. chaffeensis. Over 85% of study participants reported finding a tick on themselves in the preceding 12 mo. Residents of southern Humboldt County are at significant risk of tick bites and should take appropriate prevention measures to avoid infection with rickettsia and other tick-transmitted pathogens.

Isolation and characterization of Borrelia hermsii associated with two foci of tick-borne relapsing fever in California.

Relapsing fever, caused by the spirochete Borrelia hermsii and transmitted by the soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi, is endemic in many rural mountainous areas of California. Between 1996 and 1998, 12 cases of relapsing fever associated with two exposure sites in northern California were investigated. Follow-up at exposure sites included collection of soft ticks and serum specimens from sylvatic rodents. Attempts to cultivate spirochetes were made through inoculation of patient blood into mice and by feeding Ornithodoros ticks on mice. Three isolates of B. hermsii were recovered from two blood specimens and one pool of ticks. The protein and plasmid profiles of the three isolates were comparable to those of previous B. hermsii isolates from the western United States. Western immunoblotting of patient sera demonstrated an expanding immunologic response to antigens within four distinct molecular weight regions by 3 to 4 weeks postonset. Antibody to B. hermsii was detected in sera from 4 of 11 yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus); no other rodent species collected were seropositive.

Use of liquid deltamethrin in modified, host-targeted bait tubes for control of fleas on sciurid rodents in northern California.

The efficacy of liquid deltamethrin was evaluated for controlling fleas on golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, and chipmunks, Tamias amoenus and T. senex. A host-targeted bait tube was modified to deliver insecticide to visiting rodents during a seven-week trial conducted in the Southern Cascade Mountains of northern California. A single deltamethrin treatment with one replenishment of bait provided effective flea control on rodents within one week of deployment of bait tubes. A second treatment accompanied by two bait replenishments during the following two-week period maintained effective control throughout the seven-week period, even though all bait tubes were removed from the site after three weeks. Our results suggest that the use of modified bait tubes treated with liquid deltamethrin can provide an effective, economical, and efficient means of controlling vector fleas on the primary disease amplifying rodent hosts in this plague endemic region of California.