Increasing prevalence of diabetes among the three affiliated tribes.

The findings from a 1988 audit of medical records of the Three Affiliated Tribes (the Mandan, Arickara, and Hidatsa) at the Fort Berthold, ND, Indian Reservation were compared with the findings from a 1975 audit. The total population served by the IHS clinic there has remained about the same. However, the number of people diagnosed as having diabetes has increased by > 40%. This increase in known cases is caused largely by an increase in the number of women aged > 40 yr who have diabetes. The actual prevalence of diabetes among people aged > 40 yr has increased very little, presumably because the clinic population has aged somewhat over this period of time.

The relationship between hydrogen gas and butanol production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum.

Two simultaneous fermentations were performed at 26 degrees C with simultaneous inocula using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Fermentation 1 prevented the gas formed by the biomass from escaping the fermentor while 2 allowed the gas formed to escape. Fermentor 1 provided for the production of butanol, acetone, and ethanol, while when the H(2) formed was allowed to escape with fermentor 2, neither butanol nor acetone were produced. Ethanol was also formed in both fermentors and began along with the initial growth of biomass and continued until the fermentations were complete. Butanol and acetone production began after biomass growth had reached a maximum and began to subside. The butanol-acetone-ethanol millimolar yields and ratios were 38:1:14 respectively. The fermentor 2 results show that a yield of 2.1 L H(2), 93 or 370 mmol H(2)/mol glucose, was formed only during the growing stage of growth; neither butanol nor acetone were produced; ethanol was formed throughout the fermentation, reaching a yield of 15.2 mmolar. It appears that hydrogen gas is required for butanol production during the resting stage of growth.

Nonwarning hypoglycemia in drivers with diabetes.

Physicians are urged to identify the diabetic prone to nonwarning hypoglycemic reactions. Each patient's therapeutic regimen should be thoroughly reevaluated, and self-monitoring of the blood glucose should be instituted as a preventive measure. The inherent driving hazards of nonwarning hypoglycemia can be virtually eliminated by determining the glucose level just before driving and at one- to two-hour intervals on extended trips, and by maintaining the blood glucose at about 200 mg per dL.

Anaerobic co-oxidation of acetate and glucose by citrobacter intermedius and a species of Pseudomonas.

Analysis of gases evolved when Citrobacter intermedius and a Pseudomonas species are co-cultured on an acetate or glucose - nitrate - mineral salts medium indicates that acetate is anaerobically oxidized by CO2.

Diabetes among the three affiliated tribes: correlation with degree of Indian inheritance.

The health records of all members of the Three Affiliated Indian Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota were reviewed in order to define the extent of diabetes in this population. Full-inheritance Indians age 35 years and older have a known prevalence rate of diabetes of 22.3 per cent; persons between half- and full-inheritance Indian have a rate of 14.9 per cent; persons less than one-half Indian inheritance have a rate of 4.1 per cent, the same as whites living on this reservation. Below age 35, diabetes is rare among all racial subgroups.

Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography applied to a study of variation in Arthroderma tuberculatum.

Replicates of whole colonies of four species of closely related dermatophytes were analyzed by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC). The four species included fifteen strains of Arthroderma tuberculatum, and two strains each of A. benhamiae, Nannizzia gypsea and N. incurvata. Individual peaks on different pyrograms were identified as homologous with the aid of internal markers by the superimposition of pyrograms. The peak height data extracted from the pyrograms of the fungal samples were analyzed to compute average similarities between pairs of pyograms. The average was calculated with each peak weighted equally, and log weighted for its information content. The results of the cluster analyses of proximities were generally similar. Most, but not all, replicates of each strain were similar enough to be clustered together. Some strains belonging to the same species were also similar enough to be grouped in one cluster. Other strains of a single species varied sufficiently to be put in separate clusters. The nearest neighbour to each OTU (pyrogram) was always a replicate of the same strain.