Individual Affirming Care: Psychological and Social Approaches to Trans and Gender-Diverse Youth.

Clinicians working with youth encounter transgender and gender-diverse youth and play a role in supporting the psychological and social well-being of youth and their families. Mental health clinicians start with a thorough assessment, development of a biopsychosocial formulation of the youth, and a collaborative treatment plan. Determining if the youth meets diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria and identifying comorbid mental health diagnoses inform recommendations for psychiatric medication management, individual and/or family therapy interventions, and/or referrals to medical or surgical colleagues. Supporting development of a coherent identity narrative and healthy interpersonal attachments with others is an important goal of treatment interventions.

Valproic Acid in the Treatment of Migraines.

Migraine headaches can be a disabling condition for patients. Fortunately, most patients can be successfully managed in the outpatient setting, however, there are a number of patients who may not respond to the abortive treatments that they have been prescribed. These patients often present to the emergency department (ED) for further assistance with the management of their condition. Migraines are the fourth most common cause of ED visits and are associated with an estimated annual cost of $17 billion in the United States. Familiarity with abortive treatments is critical for providers in the ED as are treatments, such as valproic acid, that may be considered in patients who do not respond to other treatment options. Many providers are more familiar with the role of valproic acid in the treatment of mood and seizure disorders, but its tolerability and the successes reported in the primary literature make it a reasonable consideration for patients with migraine who fail to respond to other therapies. This article briefly summarizes the therapies considered first line for abortive treatment in the setting of migraines and provides an overview of the primary literature describing the use of valproic acid in these patients.

Exploring differences in the workplace violence experiences of young workers in middle and late adolescence in the United States.

PROBLEM: Young workers, typically characterized as 15-24 years of age, are commonly employed in jobs where the risk of workplace violence is high. It is unknown how these young workers, at varying stages of development, might understand and respond to workplace violence differently. We set out to explore whether the experiences and understandings of young workers varied between those in middle (ages 15-17) and late (ages 18-24) adolescence. METHOD: Separate focus groups were conducted with working students (n = 31), ages 15-17 and ages 18-24, who had either experienced or witnessed workplace violence. A focus group guide was used to facilitate the sessions which were recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed for themes. RESULTS: Those in the older group experienced more severe episodes of sexual harassment and physical assault, reported using formal mechanisms for reporting, and noticed an employer focus on customer satisfaction over employee safety, while the younger participants tended to report to their parents. Both groups reported negative effects of experiencing workplace violence including depression, anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, and spill over into personal life. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that young workers at different developmental stages may experience and respond to workplace violence differently. Further research is needed to see if these results are generalizable. SUMMARY: It is imperative that we understand the distinct differences between these subsets of young workers and how they experience and respond to workplace violence in order to improve research, policy development, and prevention/intervention mechanisms. Practical Applications: Understanding that differences exist among young workers based on age due to developmental stage, lack of experience, education, and social awareness can enable employers, companies, policy makers, and researchers the opportunity to better address the issue of workplace violence in this population.