Prosthetic vascular grafts engineered to combat calcification: Progress and future directions.

Calcification in prosthetic vascular conduits is a major challenge in cardiac and vascular surgery that compromises the long-term performance of these devices. Significant research efforts have been made to understand the etiology of calcification in the cardiovascular system and to combat calcification in various cardiovascular devices. Novel biomaterial design and tissue engineering strategies have shown promise in preventing or delaying calcification in prosthetic vascular grafts. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of acellular prosthetic vascular grafts with preclinical success in attenuating calcification through advanced biomaterial design. We also discuss the mechanisms of action involved in the designs that will contribute to the further understanding of cardiovascular calcification. Lastly, recent insights into the etiology of vascular calcification will guide the design of future prosthetic vascular grafts with greater potential for translational success.

Mobilizable antibiotic resistance genes are present in dust microbial communities.

The decades-long global trend of urbanization has led to a population that spends increasing amounts of time indoors. Exposure to microbes in buildings, and specifically in dust, is thus also increasing, and has been linked to various health outcomes and to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These are most efficiently screened using DNA sequencing, but this method does not determine which microbes are viable, nor does it reveal whether their ARGs can actually disseminate to other microbes. We have thus performed the first study to: 1) examine the potential for ARG dissemination in indoor dust microbial communities, and 2) validate the presence of detected mobile ARGs in viable dust bacteria. Specifically, we integrated 166 dust metagenomes from 43 different buildings. Sequences were assembled, annotated, and screened for potential integrons, transposons, plasmids, and associated ARGs. The same dust samples were further investigated using cultivation and isolate genome and plasmid sequencing. Potential ARGs were detected in dust isolate genomes, and we confirmed their placement on mobile genetic elements using long-read sequencing. We found 183 ARGs, of which 52 were potentially mobile (associated with a putative plasmid, transposon or integron). One dust isolate related to Staphylococcus equorum proved to contain a plasmid carrying an ARG that was detected metagenomically and confirmed through whole genome and plasmid sequencing. This study thus highlights the power of combining cultivation with metagenomics to assess the risk of potentially mobile ARGs for public health.