Modulation of macrophage inflammatory function through selective inhibition of the epigenetic reader protein SP140.

BACKGROUND: SP140 is a bromodomain-containing protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications in the SP140 locus have been linked to Crohn's disease (CD), suggesting a role in inflammation. RESULTS: We report the development of the first small molecule SP140 inhibitor (GSK761) and utilize this to elucidate SP140 function in macrophages. We show that SP140 is highly expressed in CD mucosal macrophages and in in vitro-generated inflammatory macrophages. SP140 inhibition through GSK761 reduced monocyte-to-inflammatory macrophage differentiation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory activation, while inducing the generation of CD206+ regulatory macrophages that were shown to associate with a therapeutic response to anti-TNF in CD patients. SP140 preferentially occupies transcriptional start sites in inflammatory macrophages, with enrichment at gene loci encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory pathways. GSK761 specifically reduces SP140 chromatin binding and thereby expression of SP140-regulated genes. GSK761 inhibits the expression of cytokines, including TNF, by CD14+ macrophages isolated from CD intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies SP140 as a druggable epigenetic therapeutic target for CD.

Structure-based optimisation of orally active & reversible MetAP-2 inhibitors maintaining a tight 'molecular budget'.

Structure-based led optimisation of orally active reversible Methionine Aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitors utilising a 'molecular budget' medicinal chemistry strategy is described. The key physicochemical parameters of target molecules (cLogP, molecular size and H-bond donor count) were monitored through straightforward and intuitive use of atom count and distribution. The balance between structure-based design and an awareness of the physicochemical properties of the compounds synthesised enabled the rapid identification of a potent molecule with good oral pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics by making fewer, higher quality compounds. The resulting candidate quality molecule was validated in a mechanistic cellular assay and a rodent secondary immunisation model.

Identifying Small-Molecule Binding Sites for Epigenetic Proteins at Domain-Domain Interfaces.

Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field in drug discovery. Of particular interest is the role of post-translational modifications to histones and the proteins that read, write, and erase such modifications. The development of inhibitors for reader domains has focused on single domains. One of the major difficulties of designing inhibitors for reader domains is that, with the notable exception of bromodomains, they tend not to possess a well-enclosed binding site amenable to small-molecule inhibition. As many of the proteins in epigenetic regulation have multiple domains, there are opportunities for designing inhibitors that bind at a domain-domain interface which provide a more suitable interaction pocket. Examination of X-ray structures of multiple domains involved in recognising and modifying post-translational histone marks using the SiteMap algorithm identified potential binding sites at domain-domain interfaces. For the tandem plant homeodomain-bromodomain of SP100C, a potential inter-domain site identified computationally was validated experimentally by the discovery of ligands by X-ray crystallographic fragment screening.

Structurally novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists GSK207040 and GSK334429 improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment and capsaicin-induced secondary allodynia in rats.

GSK207040 (5-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and GSK334429 (1-(1-methylethyl)-4-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]-4-piperidinyl}carbonyl)hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine) are novel and selective non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor antagonists from distinct chemical series with high affinity for human (pK(i)=9.67+/-0.06 and 9.49+/-0.09, respectively) and rat (pK(i)=9.08+/-0.16 and 9.12+/-0.14, respectively) H(3) receptors expressed in cerebral cortex. At the human recombinant H(3) receptor, GSK207040 and GSK334429 were potent functional antagonists (pA(2)=9.26+/-0.04 and 8.84+/-0.04, respectively versus H(3) agonist-induced changes in cAMP) and exhibited inverse agonist properties (pIC(50)=9.20+/-0.36 and 8.59+/-0.04 versus basal GTPgammaS binding). Following oral administration, GSK207040 and GSK334429 potently inhibited cortical ex vivo [(3)H]-R-alpha-methylhistamine binding (ED(50)=0.03 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively). Functional antagonism of central H(3) receptors was demonstrated by blockade of R-alpha-methylhistamine-induced dipsogenia in rats (ID(50)=0.02 and 0.11 mg/kg p.o. for GSK207040 and GSK334429, respectively). In more pathophysiologically relevant pharmacodynamic models, GSK207040 (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3mg/kg p.o.) and GSK334429 (0.3, 1 and 3mg/kg p.o.) significantly reversed amnesia induced by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine in a passive avoidance paradigm. In addition, GSK207040 (0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/kg p.o.) and GSK334429 (3 and 10mg/kg p.o.) significantly reversed capsaicin-induced reductions in paw withdrawal threshold, suggesting for the first time that blockade of H(3) receptors may be able to reduce tactile allodynia. Novel H(3) receptor antagonists such as GSK207040 and GSK334429 may therefore have therapeutic potential not only in dementia but also in neuropathic pain.

Intramolecular C-H insertions adjacent to sulfur for the diastereoselective synthesis of thienofuranones.

A new approach to the diastereoselective synthesis of thienofuranones is described in which an intramolecular 1,5-carbenoid C-H insertion adjacent to sulfur features as a key step.

A versatile stereoselective synthesis of endo,exo-furofuranones: application to the enantioselective synthesis of furofuran lignans.

A new stereoselective route to endo,exo-2,6-diarylfurofuranones has been developed using Mn(III)-mediated intramolecular cyclopropanation and C-H insertion reactions as key C-C bond-forming steps. Mn(III)-mediated oxidative cyclization of acetoacetate derivative 11 afforded 1-acetyl-4-aryl-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one (12) with excellent diastereocontrol (d.r. 22:1). Subsequent Lewis acid-catalyzed opening of the activated cyclopropane ring present in 12 with benzylic alcohols then gave alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactones 16 and 18-20, which reacted efficiently with in situ-generated TfN(3) to secure the key alpha-diazo-gamma-butyrolactones 22-25. Highly stereoselective rhodium-catalyzed C-H insertion reactions of diazolactones 22-25 completed the synthesis of endo,exo-2,6-diarylfurofuranones 26-29 in overall yields ranging from 41 to 48% from 1-phenylallyl alcohol (+/-)-10. The approach developed for the furofuranones 26-29 was then applied to the asymmetric syntheses of four furofuran lignans, (+)-xanthoxylol (1), (+)-methylxanthoxylol (2), (+)-epipinoresinol (3), and (+)-epieudesmin (4), starting from enantiomerically enriched 1-arylallyl alcohol (S)-31.

Lipopeptide substrates for SpsB, the Staphylococcus aureus type I signal peptidase: design, conformation and conversion to alpha-ketoamide inhibitors.

Pre-protein sequence data was used to design substrates for SpsB, the bacterial signal peptidase I enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus. Key elements were an alkyl membrane anchor, proline at P5 and lysine at P2. The proline at P5 induced a helical turn in the lipopeptide, as deduced from NMR studies, from P6 to P2 in membrane mimetic solvents. The substrate Decanoyl-LTPTAKAASKIDD-OH was cleaved by SpsB, as expected, between the P1 and P1' alanines with a k(cat)/K(m) of 2.3x10(6) M(-1)s(-1) at pH 8.5. Insertion of proline at P1' converted substrates to competitive inhibitors, whilst the incorporation of an alpha-ketoamide at the cleavage site transformed substrates to time dependent inhibitors of SpsB.

An efficient synthesis of endo,exo-furofuranone derivatives.

The ring openings of 1-acetyl-4-phenyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane afforded alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactone that underwent a novel diazo-transfer reaction, followed by C-H insertion, to provide a series of endo,exo-furofuranone analogues.