[Acute deltoid compartment syndrome]. / Cas clinique. Syndrome de loge aigu du deltoïde.

In this article, we present a rare type of acute compartment syndrome affecting the deltoid muscle, which occurred after a crush syndrome in a patient discovered at home in a stuporous state. Although compartment syndromes are not rare, certain circumstances cause unusual consequences and localizations, shoulder impotence in the present case. The importance of an early diagnosis is obvious to avoid the risk of irreversible lesions. We describe predisposing circumstances and provide a brief review of the pathophysiology of this syndrome.

Nous présentons un type rare de syndrome de loge aigu touchant le deltoïde apparu après un crush syndrome chez un patient découvert au domicile dans un état stuporeux. Bien que les syndromes de loge ne soient pas rares au sens large du terme, certaines circonstances provoquent des conséquences et localisations inhabituelles, une impotence de l'épaule dans le cas rapporté. L'importance de réaliser un diagnostic précoce est évidente au risque de laisser évoluer des lésions irréversibles. Nous décrivons les circonstances favorisantes et présentons un bref rappel concernant la physiopathologie de ce syndrome.

[Natural course of an aortic coarctation in a child]. / Évolution naturelle d'une coarctation de l'aorte de l'enfant.

Aortic coarctation is a frequent congenital heart disease that presents in form of two entities, the infant type and the child or adult type. The infant type is the most frequent and manifests acutely by heart failure or shock. The second one shows a slow and progressive course with no or few initial symptoms. For that reason, the diagnosis is usually missed until symptomatic arterial hypertension or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy develop. We report the case of an initially asymptomatic boy in whom the development of an aortic coarctation could be precisely documented over a period of 10 years by repeated bidimensional and Doppler echocardiography. The patient underwent successful balloon angioplasty of the aortic isthmus and stent implantation. This case points out the importance of strict follow-up in any young child in whom an even mild anomaly of the aortic arch is detected. This is critical in order not to miss an aortic coarctation that influences significantly morbidity in adulthood.

La coarctation de l'aorte est une cardiopathie fréquente qui se présente sous deux formes distinctes, celle du nourrisson et celle du grand enfant ou de l'adulte. La première, plus fréquente, se manifeste de façon aiguë par une défaillance cardiaque, voire un choc cardiogénique alors que la seconde est d'évolution lente et paucisymptomatique. Pour cette raison, elle reste habituellement méconnue jusqu'à l'apparition d'une hypertension artérielle ou d'une cardiomyopathie hypertrophique symptomatique. Nous rapportons le cas d'un garçon présentant initialement des structures aortiques de petit calibre chez qui l'évolution d'une coarctation de l'aorte a pu être documentée de façon précise sur une période de 10 ans. L'échocardiographie bidimensionnelle et Doppler répétée a permis de montrer le développement de la sténose de l'isthme aortique alors que le patient ne présente pas de signes d'appel cliniques. Il bénéficiera de l'angioplastie au ballon de l'isthme aortique et de la mise en place d'un stent. Ce cas met en avant l'importance d'un suivi rigoureux des patients chez qui une anomalie, même très légère, de l'arc aortique est mise en évidence dans la petite enfance de façon à ne pas méconnaître une coarctation de l'aorte qui conditionne la morbidité de l'adulte de façon significative.

Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Initial Experience in a Low-Volume Center.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is the first-line treatment for ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms (IA). EVT may be performed by interventional neuroradiologist (INR) with different levels of experience. This study aimed at evaluating clinical and anatomic results of IA embolisations performed by a INR with a short experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within a 26-month period, 35 IA embolisations were managed by a young INR, 26 of these IA being ruptured. Different EVT techniques were used: coiling alone, stent-assisted coiling and remodeling techniques. Initial angiographic results, clinical outcomes and mid-term anatomic results were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 35 procedures, there were seven per-procedural complications leading to one ischemic stroke and one death. Immediate post-procedural complete occlusion was obtained in 91% of procedures (32/35). Good clinical results (modified Rankin Scale Score of 0 or 1) were obtained in 79% of patients (26/33). In a mean follow-up time of 9.5 months, stable occlusion was shown in 88% of IA (21/24). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IA embolisation may be performed by a recently trained INR with good clinical and anatomical outcomes.

Total absence of the pericardium associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and bronchiectasis in a girl.

We report the case of an 8-years-old girl with recurrent pulmonary infections and wheezing since infancy, in whom asthma and immunoglobulin-G deficiency were diagnosed at the age of 7 months. Since then, the patient was treated for asthma without any satisfactory control of the disease. Cardiomegaly was finally diagnosed radiologically that led to cardiac assessment. Echocardiography suggested left sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return that was not confirmed at angio-computed tomography scan and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Instead, total absence of the pericardium with relative left lung hypoplasia and left-sided bronchiectasis was diagnosed. Immune defect was confirmed. Adequate treatment by immunoglobulin supplementation and observance of the recommended care of bronchiectasis allowed favorable evolution. This case of an unusual association between an exceptional pericardial malformation and immune deficiency causing lower respiratory tract infections complicated by leftsided bronchiectasis highlights the absolute necessity to explore further any child with insufficient asthma control.

Stent-assisted coiling of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms with a branch incorporated in the aneurysm base: long-term follow-up in 49 patients with 53 aneurysms.

PURPOSE: Wide-neck bifurcation intracranial aneurysms (WNBA) with a branch incorporated in the aneurysm base remain difficult to treat by embolization. We aim to report our long-term follow-up of stent-assisted coiling (SAC) in this subgroup of patients. METHODS: This study was approved by our local ethical committee. A retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database identified all patients treated in our institution by SAC for a WNBA with a branch incorporated in the aneurysm base. Technical issues, immediate, long-term outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2015, 49 patients with 53 intracranial aneurysms (IAs) (52 unruptured, 1 ruptured) were identified and successfully treated. No morbidity/mortality occurred. The incorporated branch was preserved in all patients but one who was treated during a vasospasm phase. At the first 6-month imaging control, the branch was patent. Immediate occlusion was near-complete in 11/53 aneurysms (20.8%), neck remnant in 20/53 aneurysms (37.7%), and incomplete in 22/53 aneurysms (41.5%). Available imaging follow-up of 47 IAs, ranging from 3 to 84 months (mean 26 months ± 19.6 months), showed 27 progressive thrombosis (57.4%), 17 stable occlusions (36.2%), 1 minor recanalization (2.1%), and 2 significant recanalizations that were retreated (4.3%). The latest imaging control showed 30 near-complete occlusions (63.8%), 13 neck remnants (27.7%), and 4 incomplete occlusions (8.5%). CONCLUSION: Stent-assisted coiling is safe and effective for the treatment of WNBA with a branch incorporated in the aneurysm base. Despite poor immediate anatomical results, long-term follow-up shows a high rate of progressive thrombosis achieving adequate and stable occlusion in most patients.

Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the p64 flow diverter stent: mid-term results in 35 patients with 41 intracranial aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: The p64 flow diverter (FD) device is a fully resheathable and detachable stent dedicated for endovascular treatment (EVT) of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). We report our mid-term experience with this device. METHODS: Between January 2015 and February 2016, we retrospectively identified, in our prospectively maintained database, all patients treated with p64 FDs in two institutions. Independent clinical follow-up was performed by a vascular neurologist. Imaging follow-up included a digitalized subtraction angiography (DSA) at 3, 6, and 12 months and a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 12 months. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (22 women/17 men; median age 54 years) with 48 IAs (median aneurysm size 6.2 mm; mean neck size 3.4 mm) were identified. All IAs were saccular and unruptured. Failure of safe stent delivery occurred in 15% of cases (7/48 IAs) which were excluded. Transient neurological morbidity occurred in 2/35 patients (5.7%) including one delayed thromboembolic complication. No permanent morbidity or mortality was encountered. Complete aneurysmal occlusion at 3, 6, and 12 months was 20/30 (66.6%), 18/27 (66.6%), and 24/28 (85.7%), respectively. Intra-stent stenosis was observed in 9/29 patients (31%) and classified as moderate in 4/29 (13.7%) and mild in 5/29 patients (17.2%). These stenoses gradually improved over time, with only mild stenoses being identified at 6 months and at 12 months. CONCLUSION: In our small case series, the p64 FD stent appears safe and effective for EVT of IAs. A high occlusion rate and a low morbidity rate were observed.

Late gadolinium enhancement CMR in primary mitral regurgitation.

AIMS: The appropriate timing for surgery in severe asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation (MR) remains controversial. It has been shown that late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE CMR), which may identify myocardial fibrosis, is associated with a worse outcome in various cardiomyopathies. We sought to investigate the prevalence and significance of delayed enhancement in primary MR. METHODS: We prospectively included 41 patients with at least moderate primary MR and without overt signs of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Patients with evidence of coronary artery disease, arrhythmias or significant concomitant valvular disease were excluded. All patients were scheduled for transthoracic echocardiography and LGE CMR. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients had interpretable LGE CMR images. Among them, 12 (31%) had late contrast uptake of the LV wall. LGE CMR showed an infarct pattern in three patients, a pattern of mid-wall fibrosis in seven patients and two patients had a combined pattern. Patients with delayed enhancement on CMR had significant higher LV diameters (LV end-systolic diameter 39 ± 4 vs. 34 ± 5 mm, P = 0·002; LV end-diastolic diameter 57 ± 5 vs. 50 ± 5 mm, P = 0·001). There was a trend towards a higher indexed left atrial volume (55 ± 21 vs. 44 ± 13 mL/m², P = 0·06). By contrast, there was no significant association between myocardial contrast uptake and age, LV ejection fraction and MR severity. CONCLUSION: Left ventricular remodelling seems to be associated with the presence of delayed enhancement on CMR in primary MR. Further data are needed to determine whether LGE CMR can predict a less favourable outcome or could improve risk stratification in asymptomatic primary MR.

Assessment of left ventricular volumes and primary mitral regurgitation severity by 2D echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

BACKGROUND: Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) remains the first-line diagnostic imaging tool to assess primary mitral regurgitation although cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has proven to establish left ventricular function more accurately and might evaluate mitral regurgitation severity more reliably. We sought to compare routine evaluation of left ventricular function and mitral regurgitation severity by 2DTTE with assessment by CMR in moderate to severe primary mitral regurgitation without overt left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: We prospectively included 38 patients (79% of male, age 57 ± 14 years) with at least moderate primary mitral regurgitation, a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥60% and a left ventricular end-systolic diameter ≤45 mm. Patients with evidence of coronary artery disease, arrhythmias or significant concomitant valvular disease were excluded. All patients were scheduled for 2DTTE and CMR. RESULTS: Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were significantly underestimated by 2DTTE in comparison with CMR, although there was a strong correlation (Pearson r = 0.81, p < 0.00001 and r = 0.7, p < 0.00001, respectively). Measurement of the regurgitant orifice was similar between 2DTTE PISA method and planimetry by CMR (47 ± 24 vs. 42 ± 16 mm2, p = 0.12) with a strong correlation between both imaging techniques (Pearson r = 0.76, p < 0.0001). By contrast, assessment of the regurgitant volume by 2DTTE and by phase contrast velocity mapping by CMR showed poor agreement. CONCLUSIONS: In moderate to severe primary mitral regurgitation without overt left ventricular dysfunction, 2DTTE significantly underestimates left ventricular remodelling in comparison to CMR. Measurement of the regurgitant orifice with planimetry by CMR shows good agreement with the PISA method by 2DTTE and thus may be a valuable alternative to assess mitral regurgitation severity.

Supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome.

Supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome, although rare, should be considered among the causes of anterior shoulder girdle pain. This syndrome is usually related to anatomic variants (involving the bone structures, fibrous bands, or muscles and tendons). Computed tomography is the most useful investigation. Medications used to treat neuropathic pain may provide relief. Otherwise, a local glucocorticoid injection or even surgical decompression should be considered.

Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography in routine practice.

OBJECTIVES: The recent newer advances in computed tomography have dramatically changed our approach to imaging cardiac disease. This study sought to compare the diagnostic value of 16-multi-detector spiral computed tomography (MSCT) for detecting coronary artery stenosis. METHODS: A total of 88 consecutive patients (52 men, mean age 68 +/- 8 years) with atypical chest pain, stable angina or suspicion of ischaemia at stress test were studied by MSCT and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). The MSCT images and multiplanar reconstructions were analysed regarding the presence of > or =50% coronary artery lesion. RESULTS: All 88 scans obtained at a mean heart rate of 68 +/- 8 beats/min were interpretable. Sixteen coronary segments were evaluated in each patient. Of the 1320 segments examined, 148 (11%) showed poor image quality.A total of 150 significant lesions were detected using ICA, and 80 of 150 (53%) were detected by MSCT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were as follows: 53%, 97%, 68%, and 94%. Fifty-four patients had > or =50% coronary stenosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by MSCT in 42 patients and correctly ruled out in 30. By patient-based analysis, positive and negative predictive values were 91% and 71%. CONCLUSION: Although its specificity is high, the sensitivity of 16-slice MSCT for detecting > or =50% coronary stenosis in non-selected patients submitted to ICA is rather low suggesting that for daily practice the diagnostic value of this technique should be improved.