Pediatric Anesthesia in the Community.

Pediatric anesthesia is a diverse subspecialty practiced at thousands of hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers across the country. Most unusual and high-risk cases are performed in dedicated children's hospitals. However, the majority of cases and practitioners are based in the community. We present a review of demographics in pediatric anesthesia in the United States across 7 years of data from US Anesthesia Partners, a national anesthesia practice, which covers the full range of hospitals and outpatient facilities.

Perioperative Management and In-Hospital Outcomes After Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum: A Multicenter Registry Report From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Improvement Network.

BACKGROUND: There are few comparative data on the analgesic options used to manage patients undergoing minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE). The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Improvement Network was established to investigate outcomes for procedures where there is significant management variability. For our first study, we established a multicenter observational database to characterize the analgesic strategies used to manage pediatric patients undergoing MIRPE. Outcome data from the participating centers were used to assess the association between analgesic strategy and pain outcomes. METHODS: Fourteen institutions enrolled patients from June 2014 through August 2015. Network members agreed to an observational methodology where each institution managed patients based on their institutional standards and protocols. There was no requirement to standardize care. Patients were categorized based on analgesic strategy: epidural catheter (EC), paravertebral catheter (PVC), wound catheter (WC), no regional (NR) analgesia, and intrathecal morphine techniques. Primary outcomes, pain score and opioid consumption by postoperative day (POD), for each technique were compared while adjusting for confounders using multivariable modeling that included 5 covariates: age, sex, number of bars, Haller index, and use of preoperative pain medication. Pain scores were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction. Opioid consumption was analyzed using a multivariable quantile regression. RESULTS: Data were collected on 348 patients and categorized based on primary analgesic strategy: EC (122), PVC (57), WC (41), NR (120), and intrathecal morphine (8). Compared to EC, daily median pain scores were higher in patients managed with PVC (POD 0), WC (POD 0, 1, 2, 3), and NR (POD 0, 1, 2), respectively (P < .001-.024 depending on group). Daily opioid requirements were higher in patients managed with PVC (POD 0, 1), WC (POD 0, 1, 2), and NR (POD 0, 1, 2) when compared to patients managed with EC (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate variation in pain management strategies for patients undergoing MIRPE within our network. The results indicate that most patients have mild-to-moderate pain postoperatively regardless of analgesic management. Patients managed with EC had lower pain scores and opioid consumption in the early recovery period compared to other treatment strategies.

Spontaneous Hyphema in a Pediatric Patient After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: A Case Report.

We describe a case of spontaneous hyphema presentation in an infant who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot. This case illustrates a previously unreported cause of hyphema formation from a combination of venous congestion caused by elevated right ventricular pressure and residual coagulopathy after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Introduction of a novel ultrasound-guided extrathoracic sub-paraspinal block for control of perioperative pain in Nuss procedure patients.

BACKGROUND: A safe and effective method of multilevel thoracic pain control remains an elusive goal in patients undergoing the Nuss procedure. The aim of our study was to develop a nonopioid centered approach using a novel regional technique as part of a quality improvement initiative. METHODS: The proposed ultrasound-guided technique positions multi-perforated soaker catheter deep to the paraspinal muscles from T2 to T11. The project was conducted in two phases. First, a cadaveric dissection was performed to establish the pathway of spread of local anesthetic in vivo. Second, a pilot double blind randomized control project was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the technique in ten patients and to derive parameters necessary for the definitive future study. Outcomes were evaluated based on the narcotic requirement, pain scores and functional measures. RESULTS: Placement of the catheters in two cadavers demonstrated reliable positioning in the subparaspinal tissue plane, and multilevel dye spread along the intercostal nerve path. In addition, a potential route of spread toward the paravertebral space along the canal accommodating dorsal ramus of the thoracic nerve was demonstrated. The pilot trial demonstrated a trend in decreased cumulative hydromorphone requirement in comparison to the control group at both 24h (0.19±0.09mg/kg vs. 0.13±0.08mg/kg p=0.72) and 48h (0.37±0.2mg/kg vs. 0.3±0.12mg/kg p=0.37). Functional performance ability was higher in the treatment group on both POD#1 (6.7±1.8 vs. 4.8±1 p=0.0495) and POD#2 (8.9±0.8 vs. 6.5±1.2 p=0.04). Pain scores were similar among the two groups (p=0.96). CONCLUSIONS: We describe a new technique to treat multilevel thoracic pain following the Nuss procedure that is reproducible, safe, allows diminished opioid use and enhances functional recovery.

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Caudal Epidural for Lower Abdominal Surgery in Children: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) has emerged as a safe and effective regional anesthesia technique for providing postoperative lower abdominal analgesia. Complications associated with TAPB are rare and pose a lower overall risk to the patient receiving a TAPB versus a caudal block, which is considered the gold standard for pediatric lower abdominal regional anesthesia. Our study hypothesis was that TAPB would initially be equivalent to caudal block in providing postoperative pain control but would also show improved pain relief beyond the anticipated caudal duration. METHODS: This study was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Forty-five children between the ages of 1 and 9 undergoing bilateral ureteral reimplantation surgery through a low transverse incision were enrolled. Narcotic requirement, pain scores (FLACC/Wong-Baker FACES), episodes of emesis, and antispasmodic requirement were recorded in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and at 6-hour intervals for 24 hours from the time of block placement. Our protocol used a multimodal approach toward pain management in all children, including randomized regional technique, scheduled ketorolac, morphine as needed, and the antispasmodic, oxybutynin, as needed. RESULTS: Morphine requirement showed no statistical difference during the initial 12 hours (all P ≥ 0.68 at PACU, 6 and 12 hours). However, at 24 hours those patients randomized to receive the TAPB required less cumulative morphine than the caudal group (0.05 mg/kg ± 0.06 vs 0.09 mg/kg ± 0.07, P = 0.03). There was a trend toward fewer episodes of emesis in the TAPB group which reached statistical significance at 18 and 24 hours (6 vs 1 episodes, P = 0.03; and 9 vs 2 episodes, P = 0.02). Pain scores (0-10) were higher in the TAPB group in the PACU (3.46 ± 2.69 vs 1.71 ± 2.1, P = 0.02), but there were no significant differences at all subsequent time points (all P ≥ 0.10). The TAPB group also had a higher requirement for the bladder antispasmodic oxybutynin at 24 hours (0.49 ± 0.58 vs 0.28 ± 0.17, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: TAPB provided superior analgesia compared with the caudal block at 6 to 24 hours after block placement, as demonstrated by a statistically significant decrease in cumulative opioid requirement, which was the primary end point. The lower incidence of emesis in the TAPB group likely reflected the decreased opioid consumption. Although TAPB appears to be less effective than the caudal block in preventing viscerally mediated bladder spasms, as evidenced by the higher PACU pain scores and increased oxybutynin requirement at 24 hours, this effect may be counteracted in future clinical practice by scheduled administration of the antispasmodic medications. Considering the overall safety advantages of the TAPB over the caudal block, this should be considered a preferred regional technique for lower abdominal surgeries.

Venous air embolism from Tisseel use during endoscopic cranial vault remodeling for craniosynostosis repair: a case report.

Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potential complication during cranial vault remodeling requiring early detection and prompt therapeutic intervention. The incidence of VAE has been reported to be as high as 82.6% during open craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair. On the other hand, two separate studies reported a much lower incidence of VAE (8% and 2%) during endoscopic strip craniectomy. As surgical advancements progress, minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures are increasing in the pediatric population with reported benefits of decreased blood loss and need for transfusion, shorter hospital stay, decreased cost, lower morbidity, and mortality. In addition, there is a heightened emphasis on achieving hemostasis, which has led to the use of products such as antifibrinolytics and fibrin sealants. We present a case where a VAE causing significant hemodynamic instability (grade III) ensued immediately following aerosolized fibrin sealant application. Exploration of the potential source of VAE pointed to the high pressure and close proximity (between spray device and tissue) during application of the sealant, likely forcing air into the vascular system.